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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Радиотехника и электроника</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0033-8494</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5901</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">681457</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0033849424070025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HZGWBM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRODYNAMICS AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОДИНАМИКА И РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ РАДИОВОЛН</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Using an unmanned aerial vehicle for soil moisture remote sensing by means of ultra-wideband electromagnetic impulses</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Зондирование влажности почвы сверхширокополосными электромагнитными импульсами с борта беспилотного летательного аппарата</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muzalevskiy</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Музалевский</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karavayskiy</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каравайский</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruzicka</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ружичка</surname><given-names>З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leskova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лескова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipshin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липшин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsdkm@ksc.krasn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirensky Institute of Physics Federal Research Center KSC Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики им. Л. В. Киренского СО РАН — обособленное подразделение ФИЦ КНЦ СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture Federal Research Center KSC Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства — обособленное подразделение ФИЦ КНЦ СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>621</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-30"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0033-8494/article/view/681457">https://innoscience.ru/0033-8494/article/view/681457</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Under long-time experiments, the possibility of remote sensing of soil moisture with ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic impulses from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was investigated. The soil surface of test sites with varying degrees of roughness was under fallow in conditions of natural moisture, drying, and periodic harrowing. The soil moisture was found by inverse problem solving, while minimizing the norm of discrepancy between the module of reflection coefficients, which were calculated using the Fresnel formula (for dielectrically homogeneous half-space) and the average values, measured at different hovering heights of the UAV over the sensing test sites. During the experiments from June 12 to September 28, 2022, the achievability of practically significant accuracy of remote sensing of volumetric soil moisture on the test sites in a 6—7 cm topsoil with a standard deviation of less than 4 % (relative to the weighted-drying measurements of soil samples, in-situ collected) was demonstrated. As a result, it was shown that in the frequency range of the sensing impulse from 456 MHz to 1014 MHz, the influence of diffuse scattering of waves on random soil surface roughness (standard deviations of the heights of roughness less than 2 cm) can be neglected within the above-mentioned error in the soil moisture retrieval.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В ходе долговременных экспериментов продемонстрирована возможность дистанционного зондирования сверхширокополосными электромагнитными импульсами, с борта беспилотного летательного аппарата (БПЛА) влажности почвенного покрова, различной степени шероховатости, находящегося под паром в условиях естественного увлажнения, высыхания и периодического боронования. Влажность почвы была определена в ходе решения обратной задачи о минимизации нормы невязки между модулями коэффициента отражения, которые были рассчитаны по формуле Френеля (диэлектрически однородное полупространство) и средними значениями, измеренными при различной высоте зависания БПЛА над площадками зондирования. В ходе экспериментов с 12 июня по 28 сентября 2022 г. показана достижимость практически значимой точности дистанционного зондирования объемной влажности почвы тестовых участков в поверхностном слое толщиной 6…7 см со среднеквадратическим отклонением менее 4 % (относительно контактных измерений in-situ). Установлено, что в диапазоне частот зондирующего импульса 456…1014 МГц можно пренебречь влиянием диффузного рассеяния волн на случайных неровностях поверхности почвенного покрова тестовых участков (среднеквадратические отклонения высот неровностей меньше 2 см) в пределах указанной выше погрешности восстановления влажности почвы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Remote sensing</kwd><kwd>radiolocation</kwd><kwd>unmanned aerial vehicle</kwd><kwd>ultra-wideband impulses</kwd><kwd>soil moisture</kwd><kwd>soil surface roughness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Дистанционное зондирование</kwd><kwd>радиолокация</kwd><kwd>беспилотный летательный аппарат</kwd><kwd>сверхширокополосные импульсы</kwd><kwd>влажность почв</kwd><kwd>шероховатость поверхности почвы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-17-20042</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский краевой фонд науки</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Regional Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>42</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Precision Agriculture Evolution, Insights and Emerging Trends/Ed. by Q. 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