I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityI.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityЖурнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова0044-46773034-5316The Russian Academy of Sciences65204010.31857/S0044467723020077IMFTNLОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИNEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF EXECUTIVE DYSFUNCTION IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERSНейробиологические факторы нарушения исполнительных функций при аутизмеKozunovaG. L.КозуноваГ. Л.KozunovaGL@mgppu.ruZakirovF. Kh.ЗакировФ. Х.KozunovaGL@mgppu.ruRytikovaA. M.РытиковаА. М.KozunovaGL@mgppu.ruStroganovaT. A.СтрогановаТ. А.KozunovaGL@mgppu.ruChernyshevB. V.ЧернышевБ. В.KozunovaGL@mgppu.ruMoscow center of neurocognitive research (MEG-center), Moscow State University of Psychology and EducationЦентр нейрокогнитивных исследований (МЭГ-центр), Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университетLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет им. Ломоносова0103202373214717202022025Copyright ©; 2023, Г.Л. Козунова, Ф.Х. Закиров, А.М. Рытикова, Т.А. Строганова, Б.В. ЧернышевCopyright ©; 2023, Г.Л. Козунова, Ф.Х. Закиров, А.М. Рытикова, Т.А. Строганова, Б.В. Чернышев2023Г.Л. Козунова, Ф.Х. Закиров, А.М. Рытикова, Т.А. Строганова, Б.В. ЧернышевГ.Л. Козунова, Ф.Х. Закиров, А.М. Рытикова, Т.А. Строганова, Б.В. Чернышевhttps://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652040

Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that is defined by difficulties in social interaction and abnormal preoccupation in repetitive and stereotypic activities. Deficit of basic executive functions, such as cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, working memory may strongly contribute to these symptoms. Prefrontal and cingulate cortices play a crucial role in the executive functions. These brain structures are regulated by neuromodulatory systems of the brain: cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic. During the early brain development these neuromodulators act as neurotrophic factors, and they regulate excitation-inhibition balance in the brain. Pathogenesis of autism is hypothesized to be linked to impairment in metabolism of one or more of these neuromodulators. The aim of this review is to consider the functional role of these neuromodulators and the significance of their imbalance in mature and developing brain, as an important factor in the development of autistic symptoms in children and adults.

Аутизм является нарушением психического развития, характеризующимся трудностями социального взаимодействия и склонностью к стереотипному поведению. Значительный вклад в развитие этих симптомов вносит нейропсихологический дефицит исполнительных функций – когнитивной гибкости, тормозного контроля, рабочей памяти и др. Ключевую роль в этих процессах играют префронтальная и поясная кора, которые регулируются нейромодуляторными системами мозга, включая холинергическую, норадренергическую, серотонинергическую и дофаминергическую. На ранних этапах развития мозга нейромодуляторы выполняют роль нейротрофических факторов и регулируют баланс возбуждения и торможения в коре больших полушарий. Патогенез аутизма может быть связан с нарушением метаболизма одного или нескольких нейромодуляторов. Цель настоящего обзора состоит в том, чтобы рассмотреть роль нейромодуляторов в сформированном и развивающемся мозге и вклад, который вносит их дисбаланс в развитие симптомов аутизма у детей и взрослых.

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