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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">652056</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467723010094</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GJJVJO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ДИСКУССИОННЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PARADIGM CHANGE IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Смена парадигмы в когнитивных науках?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Knyazev</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Князев</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>knyazevgg@neuronm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт нейронаук и медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-01-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>73</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Г.Г. Князев</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Г.Г. Князев</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Г.Г. Князев</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Г.Г. Князев</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652056">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652056</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181323766448">Since the 1950s, the dominant paradigm in the cognitive sciences has been cognitivism, which emerged as an alternative to behaviorism, and predominantly views cognitive processes as various kinds of “computations” similar to those performed by the computer. Despite significant advances made in the last quarter of the 20th century within this paradigm, it does not satisfy many scientists because it could not adequately explain some features of cognitive processes. Connectionism, which emerged somewhat later, recognizes the role of computational processes, but as their basis considers a neural network, which is a much better model of brain functioning than Turing-type computations. Neural networks, unlike the classical computer, demonstrate robustness and flexibility in the face of real-world problems, such as increased input noise, or blocked parts of the network. They are also well suited for tasks requiring the parallel resolution of multiple conflicting constraints. Despite this, the analogy between the functioning of the human brain and artificial neural networks is still limited due to radical differences in system design and associated capabilities. Parallel to the paradigms of cognitivism and connectionism, the notions that cognition is a consequence of purely biological processes of interaction between the organism and the environment have developed. These views, which have become increasingly popular in recent years, have taken shape in various currents of the so-called enactivism. This review compares the theoretical postulates of cognitivism, connectionism, and enactivism, as well as the predictive coding paradigm and the free energy principle.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181323762416">Начиная с 50-х годов прошлого века доминирующей парадигмой в когнитивных науках был когнитивизм, который возник как альтернатива бихевиоризму и преимущественно рассматривает когнитивные процессы как разного рода “вычисления” наподобие тех, которые выполняет компьютер, принципиально не отличающийся от универсальной машины Тьюринга (МТ). Несмотря на значительные успехи, достигнутые в последней четверти 20-го века в рамках этой парадигмы, она многих не удовлетворяет, так как не может адекватно объяснить некоторые особенности когнитивных процессов. Возникший позднее коннекционизм, хотя и признает роль вычислительных процессов, их основой считает не МТ, а нейронную сеть, которая лучше моделирует работу мозга, чем вычисления по типу МТ. Нейронные сети, в отличие от классического компьютера, демонстрируют устойчивость и гибкость перед лицом проблем, возникающих в реальном мире, таких как увеличение шума на входе или блокировка части сети. Они также хорошо приспособлены для задач, требующих параллельного разрешения множества противоречивых ограничений. Несмотря на это, аналогия между функционированием человеческого мозга и искусственных нейронных сетей все-таки ограничена в силу радикальных различий в конструкции и связанных с этим возможностей системы. Параллельно с парадигмами когнитивизма и коннекционизма развивались представления, согласно которым когниции являются следствием сугубо биологических процессов взаимодействия организма с внешней средой. Эти представления, которые в последние годы становятся все более популярными, оформились в разные течения так называемого энактивизма. В этом обзоре проводится сравнение теоретических постулатов когнитивизма, коннекционизма и энактивизма, а также парадигмы предсказывающего кодирования и принципа свободной энергии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cognitivism</kwd><kwd>connectionism</kwd><kwd>enactivism</kwd><kwd>embodied cognition</kwd><kwd>predictive coding</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>когнитивизм</kwd><kwd>коннекционизм</kwd><kwd>энактивизм</kwd><kwd>воплощенное познание</kwd><kwd>предсказывающее кодирование</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Князев Г.Г. Кодирование смысла в активности мозга. Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П.Павлова. 2022. В печати.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Barlow H.B. 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