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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">652060</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467724060019</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Heterosynaptic plasticity: one name for several phenomena</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гетеросинаптическая пластичность: один термин, обозначающий разные феномены</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>malyshev@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>malyshev@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>643</fpage><lpage>656</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652060">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652060</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Synaptic plasticity, which refers to long-term changes in the efficiency of synaptic transmission in the form of potentiation and depression, is thought to be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. Long-term potentiation and depression can be induced under a variety of experimental conditions using different induction protocols. One such example is a protocol that follows Hebb’s rule, where induction of plasticity requires paired activation of a pre- and postsynaptic neuron that occur within a narrow temporal window relative to each other. Such plasticity is called homosynaptic plasticity because the same (homo-, Greek prefix meaning “same, identical”) synapses that participated in the induction of plasticity undergo long-term changes. However, as numerous experiments have shown, synapses that were inactive during the induction of plasticity also undergo long-term changes. This process has been termed heterosynaptic (hetero – “other, different”) plasticity in mammalian studies. Historically, however, the term heterosynaptic plasticity first appeared in studies of mollusks, where plastic changes in synaptic transmission were caused by a combination of stimulation of “weak” and “strong” synaptic inputs. As was later shown, the potentiating effect of stimulating the “strong” input in this case was associated with the release of neuromodulators, primarily serotonin. This type of plasticity was later demonstrated in mammals, where it was termed modulatory plasticity. The review considers different types of heterosynaptic plasticity, cellular and molecular mechanisms of its induction and maintenance, and explains the reasons for some terminological confusion related to this phenomenon in the literature.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Считается, что синаптическая пластичность, представляющая собой долговременные изменения эффективности синаптической передачи в виде потенциации и депрессии, является клеточным механизмом обучения и памяти. Долговременную потенциацию и депрессию можно индуцировать в разнообразных экспериментальных условиях с помощью множества протоколов индукции. Одним из таких примеров является протокол, следующий правилу Хебба, когда для индукции пластичности необходима сочетанная активация пре- и постсинаптического нейрона, происходящая в узком временном окне друг относительно друга. Такую пластичность называют гомосинаптической, поскольку те же самые (гомо- – греческая приставка, обозначающая «тот же самый, идентичный») синапсы, которые принимали участие в индукции пластичности, и претерпевают долговременные изменения. Однако, как показывают многочисленные эксперименты, синапсы, которые были неактивны во время индукции пластичности, также подвергаются долговременным модификациям. Этот процесс в исследованиях на млекопитающих получил название гетеросинаптической пластичности (гетеро- – «иной, различный»). Однако исторически впервые термин «гетеросинаптическая пластичность» возник в исследованиях, проведенных на моллюсках, где пластическая модификация синаптической передачи вызывалась сочетанием стимуляции «слабого» и «сильного» синаптических входов. Как впоследствии было показано, потенциирующий эффект стимуляции «сильного» входа в этом случае связан с выбросом нейромодуляторов, в первую очередь серотонина. Позже данный тип пластичности также был показан для млекопитающих, где он получил название модулированной пластичности. В обзоре рассматриваются различные виды гетеросинаптической пластичности, клеточные и молекулярные механизмы их индукции и поддержания и объясняются причины существования в литературе некоторой терминологической путаницы, связанной с данным феноменом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>synaptic plasticity</kwd><kwd>heterosynaptic plasticity</kwd><kwd>homosynaptic plasticity</kwd><kwd>Hebb’s rule</kwd><kwd>neuromodulation</kwd><kwd>locally coordinated plasticity</kwd><kwd>structural plasticity</kwd><kwd>learning</kwd><kwd>memory</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синаптическая пластичность</kwd><kwd>гетеросинаптическая пластичность</kwd><kwd>гомосинаптическая пластичность</kwd><kwd>правило Хебба</kwd><kwd>нейромодуляция</kwd><kwd>локально координированная пластичность</kwd><kwd>структурная пластичность</kwd><kwd>обучение</kwd><kwd>память</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20-15-00398П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Akopian G., Walsh J.P. 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