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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">652097</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467724020034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ: &#13;
ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ВНЕШНИХ СТИМУЛОВ, ДВИГАТЕЛЬНАЯ &#13;
АКТИВНОСТЬ, ОБУЧЕНИЕ И ПАМЯТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ: ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ВНЕШНИХ СТИМУЛОВ, ДВИГАТЕЛЬНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ, ОБУЧЕНИЕ И ПАМЯТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of the excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal neurons activity during associative context memory retrieval</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ активности возбуждающих и тормозных нейронов гиппокампа при извлечении ассоциативной обстановочной памяти</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торопова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xen.alexander@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkina</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкина</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xen.alexander@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobyeva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xen.alexander@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anokhin</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анохин</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xen.alexander@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for advanced brain studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт перспективных исследований мозга, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Laboratory of neuronal intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лаборатория нейронного интеллекта, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>74</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>178</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652097">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652097</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the present study, we analyzed the differential involvement of hippocampal interneurons and pyramidal neurons in the retrieval of associative aversive context memory. For this purpose, we used a model of associative learning in which the formation of a neutral context memory and the subsequent association of this memory with the footshock US during a brief reminder of the context were significantly separated in time. The activation of hippocampal neurons during associative context memory retrieval in this task was addressed by immunohistochemical detection of the immediate early gene <italic>c-fos</italic> protein. Retrieval of associative context memory was accompanied by an increase in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the CA1 region, but not in the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Next, a protein marker, the product of the homeobox-containing gene <italic>Emx1</italic>, was used to specifically identify excitatory neurons, and the marker glutamate decarboxylase, GAD, the product of the <italic>GAD1</italic> and <italic>GAD2</italic> genes, was used to specifically identify inhibitory neurons. The results of double staining for cell markers and c-Fos protein showed that during retrieval of associative aversive context memory in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, both <italic>Emx1</italic>-positive excitatory neurons and, less, GAD-positive inhibitory interneurons were activated. At the same time, regardless of the type of behavioral procedure (retrieval of associative context memory, non-associative context memory, or exploration of context, where animals previously received the footshock but did not remember it), the proportion of activated excitatory and inhibitory neurons remained constant, only the number of activated cells of each type changed. Altogether, our results indicate the specific role of hippocampal CA1 neurons in associative context memory and demonstrate that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons are involved in the encoding of such memory.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящей работе проведен анализ дифференциального вовлечения интернейронов и пирамидных нейронов различных областей гиппокампа в извлечение ассоциативной аверсивной памяти об обстановке. Для этого была использована модель ассоциативного обучения мышей, в которой формирование памяти о нейтральной обстановке и последующая ассоциация кратковременного предъявления этой обстановки с безусловным стимулом – электрокожным раздражением (ЭКР) – были значительно разнесены во времени. Активацию нейронов различных областей гиппокампа при извлечении сформированной таким образом ассоциативной обстановочной памяти исследовали с помощью иммуногистохимической детекции белкового продукта немедленного раннего гена <italic>c-fos</italic>. Извлечение ассоциативной памяти об обстановке сопровождалось увеличением количества с-Fos-положительных клеток<italic> </italic>в области СА1, но не в области СА3 и зубчатой фасции гиппокампа. Далее для специфического выявления возбуждающих нейронов использовали белковый маркер – продукт гомеобокс-содержащего гена <italic>Emx1</italic>, а для специфического выявления тормозных нейронов – маркер глутамат декарбоксилазу, GAD, продукт генов <italic>GAD1 </italic>и<italic> GAD2</italic>. По результатам двойного окрашивания на клеточные маркеры и белок c-Fos было показано, что при извлечении ассоциативной аверсивной памяти об обстановке в области СА1 гиппокампа активировались как положительные по маркеру Emx1 возбуждающие нейроны, так и, в несколько меньшей степени, тормозные интернейроны, положительные по маркеру GAD. При этом, независимо от типа поведенческого воздействия (извлечение ассоциативной памяти об обстановке, неассоциативной памяти об обстановке или обследование обстановки, сочетавшейся с ЭКР, но не запомненной животными), пропорция активированных возбуждающих и тормозных нейронов оставалась постоянной, изменялось только количество активированных клеток каждого типа. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о специфическом участии нейронов области СА1 гиппокампа в ассоциативной обстановочной памяти, а также демонстрируют, что в кодировании такой памяти участвуют как возбуждающие, так и тормозные нейроны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>associative memory</kwd><kwd>memory retrieval</kwd><kwd>fear conditioning</kwd><kwd>hippocampus</kwd><kwd>c-fos</kwd><kwd>excitatory neurons</kwd><kwd>inhibitory interneurons</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ассоциативная память</kwd><kwd>извлечение памяти</kwd><kwd>условно-рефлекторное замирание</kwd><kwd>гиппокамп</kwd><kwd>c-fos</kwd><kwd>возбуждающие нейроны</kwd><kwd>тормозные интернейроны</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский Научный Фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20-15-00283</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-78-00010</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Воробьева Н.С., Ивашкина О.И., Торопова К.А., Анохин К.В. 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