I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityI.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityЖурнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова0044-46773034-5316The Russian Academy of Sciences65210510.31857/S0044467724010044ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИReview ArticleProblems and prospects for restoration of the optic nerveПроблемы и перспективы восстановления зрительного нерваRevishchinA. V.РевищинА. В.
Russian Federation
revishchin@mail.ruPavlovaG. V.ПавловаГ. В.
Russian Federation
revishchin@mail.ruShkaruboA. N.ШкарубоА. Н.
Russian Federation
revishchin@mail.ruInstitute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of SciencesФГБУН “Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии Российской академии наук”N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Healthcare of RussiaФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. академика Н. Н. Бурденко»I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityПервый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава РоссииRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации10072024741364702022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/652105

Restoring visual function after damage or complete destruction of the optic nerve in adult patients has many natural barriers to neuroregeneration. Research to restore vision has focused on maintaining retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), stimulating axonal growth toward the brain, and restoring their proper synaptic connections. Unfortunately, mammalian RGC axons under normal conditions do not regenerate after injury and ultimately die. In this review, we summarize the currently known mechanisms of RGC survival and axonal regeneration in mammals, including specific intrinsic signaling pathways, key transcription factors, reprogramming genes, inflammation-related regeneration factors, and stem cell therapy. We also review the current understanding of the phenomena impeding optic nerve regeneration and possible ways to overcome these obstacles. The most important research results obtained in recent decades may be informative for the development of methods for treating the damaged visual system.

Восстановление зрительной функции после повреждения или полного разрушения зрительного нерва у взрослых пациентов имеет много естественных барьеров на пути нейрорегенерации. Исследования по восстановлению зрения были сосредоточены на поддержании ганглиозных клеток сетчатки (ГКС), стимулировании роста аксонов по направлению к мозгу и восстановлении их правильных синаптических связей. К сожалению, аксоны ГКС млекопитающих в обычных условиях не регенерируют после повреждения и в конечном итоге отмирают. В обзоре мы резюмируем известные в настоящее время механизмы выживания ГКС и регенерации аксонов у млекопитающих, включая специфические внутренние сигнальные пути, ключевые факторы транскрипции, репрограммирующие гены, факторы регенерации, связанные с воспалением, терапию стволовыми клетками. Мы также рассматриваем современное понимание явлений, препятствующих регенерации зрительного нерва, и возможные пути преодоления этих препятствий. Полученные в последние десятилетия важнейшие результаты исследований могут оказаться информативными для разработки методов лечения поврежденной зрительной системы.

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