I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityI.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous ActivityЖурнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова0044-46773034-5316The Russian Academy of Sciences68278410.31857/S0044467725010013ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИReview ArticleReaction time indicators for assessing cognitive functionsПоказатели времени реакции для оценки когнитивных функцийKhanukhovaL. M.ХануховаЛ. М.
Russian Federation
l_khanukhova@mail.ruGulyaevS. A.ГуляевС. А.
Russian Federation
l_khanukhova@mail.ruKhanukhovD. M.ХануховД. М.
Russian Federation
l_khanukhova@mail.ruLa Salute Medical ClinicКлиника персональной медицины La SaluteMEPhI National Research Nuclear UniversityНациональный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»1501202575131404062025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/682784

Cognitive abilities in neurodegenerative diseases begin to alter much earlier than the main clinical pathomorphological core of the disease develops, while patients for many years do not demonstrate pronounced clinical manifestations amid active functioning compensatory mechanisms. Subsequently, the leading symptom complex formed against the background of decompensation becomes practically insensitive to modern drug treatment. In this regard, the search for early manifestations of cognitive and neurological changes that could serve as reliable markers of the development of the neurodegenerative process, is a relevant task of diagnosing these diseases. Currently, in practical work, psychiatrists and neurologists mostly use blank cognitive tests for screening diagnostics of cognitive disorders based on questionnaires with scaled results, sensitivity of which is high for the stages of advanced disease, but is not enough for the stages of prodrome cognitive impairment. Therefore, the creation of a tool for objective screening of early stages of cognitive impairments, combining efficiency and ease of use, is an important and modern direction of neuroscience. Suggested review aims to analyze and summarize available data on the change in reaction speed at the onset of neurological diseases. The need for modernization of neuropsychological diagnostics with the help of possible integration of sensorimotor tests with computer technology is revealed. It should improve the reliability and accessibility of the screening assessment. It is shown that, apart from simple reaction (SRT), such reaction indicators as reaction time variability (RTV), choice reaction time (RTT) and the dynamic of reaction time are the objective and independent markers of efficiency of information processing by the nervous system.

Когнитивные функции при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях начинают изменяться значительно раньше, чем формируется основное клинико-патоморфологическое ядро болезни. При этом пациенты многие годы не демонстрируют выраженных клинических проявлений в условиях активно функционирующих компенсаторных механизмов. Впоследствии сформированный на фоне декомпенсации ведущий симптомокомплекс становится практически не чувствительным к современной медикаментозной терапии. В этой связи поиск ранних проявлений когнитивных и неврологических изменений, которые могли бы служить достоверными маркерами развития нейродегенеративного процесса, является актуальной задачей диагностики данных заболеваний. В настоящее время, в практической работе, психиатры и неврологи для скрининговой диагностики когнитивных нарушений в подавляющем большинстве используют батареи когнитивных тестов, основанные на опросниках со шкальным результатом, чувствительность которых высока для стадий развернутого заболевания, но для стадий продрома когнитивных нарушений недостаточна. В связи с вышеизложенным создание инструмента объективного скрининга ранних стадий когнитивных нарушений, объединяющего эффективность и простоту использования, представляет собой важное и современное направление нейронауки. Предлагаемый обзор направлен на анализ и обобщение имеющихся данных об изменении времени реакции в дебюте неврологических заболеваний. Раскрывается необходимость в модернизации нейропсихологической диагностики с помощью возможной интеграции сенсомоторных тестов с компьютерными технологиями, что должно повысить надежность и доступность скрининговой оценки. Показано, что, помимо времени простой реакции (ВПР), такие показатели реакции, как вариабельность времени реакции (ВВР), время реакции выбора (ВРВ) и динамика времени реакции, являются объективными и независимыми маркерами эффективности обработки информации нервной системой.

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