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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">685024</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467725030012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">One-trial learning: review of experimental models</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Однократное обучение: обзор экспериментальных моделей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamorina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заморина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт перспективных исследований мозга, Кафедра высшей нервной деятельности, биологический факультет</p></bio><email>tatazamorina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торопова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute for Advanced Brain Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт перспективных исследований мозга</p></bio><email>tatazamorina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkina</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкина</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute for Advanced Brain Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт перспективных исследований мозга</p></bio><email>tatazamorina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anokhin</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анохин</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute for Advanced Brain Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт перспективных исследований мозга</p></bio><email>tatazamorina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>257</fpage><lpage>286</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/685024">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/685024</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>One-trial learning represents a critical evolutionary mechanism that enables animals and humans to rapidly encode and retain essential experiences, allowing adaptive responses to environmental changes. This article reviews various paradigms of one-trial learning, such as passive avoidance, taste aversion, and contextual fear conditioning, along with models involving associative memory for object location and social transmission of food preferences. These paradigms span a wide variety of species, offering flexibility in terms of ecological validity, sensory modalities, and types of reinforcement. The ability of one-trial learning paradigms to induce memory formation in a single trial provides a powerful advantage for experimental control, minimizing confounding variables and allowing precise separation of memory phases. This makes one-trial learning paradigms especially useful for studying early stages of memory formation, synaptic plasticity, and long-term memory mechanisms. Furthermore, one-trial learning models are advancing the development of innovative treatments for memory-related disorders, including amnesia and post-traumatic stress disorders. Additionally, findings from one-trial learning models could aid in developing artificial intelligence systems that replicate biological memory processes more accurately.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Однократное обучение или обучение с одной попытки (<italic>one-trial learning</italic>) представляет собой важнейший эволюционный механизм, который позволяет животным и человеку быстро запоминать жизненно важные события и адаптироваться к динамичным изменениям в окружающей среде. В данной статье представлен обзор различных парадигм однократного обучения, включая пассивное избегание, вкусовую аверсию, условно-рефлекторное замирание, а также модели на основе ассоциаций с пищевым подкреплением, распознавания места объекта и социального обучения. Экспериментальные модели однократного обучения охватывают многие виды животных и различаются по экологической валидности, сенсорной модальности, типу условных стимулов, валентности подкрепления, а также паттерну мозговых структур, вовлеченных в обучение в той или иной модели, что позволяет исследовать широкий спектр когнитивных процессов. Быстрота формирования памяти в этих парадигмах предоставляет уникальные возможности для контроля экспериментальных переменных и минимизации артефактов. Кроме того, четкое выделение момента обучения в этих моделях делает их незаменимыми для исследований фаз консолидации памяти и их нервных механизмов, особенно нейронной и синаптической пластичности на самых ранних стадиях этого процесса. Благодаря всему этому модели однократного обучения представляют собой мощный инструмент для изучения фундаментальных нейробиологических механизмов памяти и обучения, а также могут способствовать разработке новых подходов к лечению когнитивных расстройств, связанных с нарушениями памяти, таких как амнезия и посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство. Кроме того, выявленные с их использованием закономерности могут стать основой для разработки алгоритмов быстрого обучения для искусственного интеллекта.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>one-trial learning</kwd><kwd>one-shot learning</kwd><kwd>single trial learning</kwd><kwd>fast learning</kwd><kwd>animal models</kwd><kwd>long-term memory</kwd><kwd>conditioning</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обучение с одной попытки</kwd><kwd>однократное обучение</kwd><kwd>быстрое обучение</kwd><kwd>лабораторные модели на животных</kwd><kwd>долгосрочная память</kwd><kwd>обусловливание</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Некоммерческий фонд содействия развитию науки и образования «Интеллект»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Intellect Non-Profit Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Science and Education</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Междисциплинарная научно-образовательная школа «Мозг, когнитивные системы, искусственный интеллект»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Interdisciplinary scientific and educational school "Brain, cognitive systems, artificial intelligence"</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Government</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Балабан П.М. 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