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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692561</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467725050017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The backward conditioned connections in the functional organization of the integrative behavior</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Двусторонние условные связи и сигнальная функция условного стимула</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balaban</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балабан</surname><given-names>П. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>pmbalaban@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryan</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьян</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>grigorygrigoryan@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 75, NO5 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 75, №5 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>515</fpage><lpage>528</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/692561">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/692561</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The present paper describes backward conditioned connections (BCC) as a universal principle of brain activity. The first section analyzes the historical view of the problem: the discovery of the phenomenon of BCC, the rules and regularities of its manifestation (the role of the ratio of the strength of the paired stimuli, the duration of the conditioned stimulus, the time following after the unconditioned stimulus before the start of the conditioned stimulus, the number of pairings, and other factors). In the second section, some hypotheses explaining the formation, functioning, and role of bilateral conditioned connections in the process of organizing holistic behavior are considered. And the last section describes the current state of the problem of reverse US-CS connections – the study of 2nd-order conditioned reflexes, sensory preconditioning, stimulus equivalence analysis, and the role of context. The importance of dopamine in BCC and the role of these connections in memory reconsolidation are considered. Attention is paid to modern neurochemical, electrophysiological, optogenetic and other studies of the BCC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящей работе рассматривается обратная условная связь (УС) как универсальный принцип деятельности мозга. В первом разделе описывается исторический взгляд на проблему: открытие феномена обратной УС, правила и закономерности ее проявления (роль соотношения силы сочетаемых раздражителей, продолжительность условного стимула, отставление условного от безусловного стимула, число сочетаний и другие факторы). Во втором разделе рассматриваются некоторые гипотезы, объясняющие формирование, функционирование и роль двухсторонних условных связей в процессе организации целостного поведения. И в последнем разделе описывается современное состояние проблемы обратных УС: исследование рефлексов 2-го порядка, сенсорного предобусловливания, анализ эквивалентности стимулов, роль контекста. Рассматривается значение дофамина в обратных УС и роль этих связей в реконсолидации памяти. Обращается внимание на современные нейрохимические, электрофизиологические, оптогенетические и другие методы исследования обратных УС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>The backward conditioned connections</kwd><kwd>two-way connections</kwd><kwd>the 2-nd order reflexes</kwd><kwd>dopamine</kwd><kwd>CS</kwd><kwd>US</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обратные условные связи</kwd><kwd>двусторонние связи</kwd><kwd>рефлексы второго порядка</kwd><kwd>дофамин</kwd><kwd>условный стимул</kwd><kwd>безусловный стимул</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Анохин П.К. Биология и нейрофизиология условного рефлекса. М.: Медицина, 1968. 547 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Асратян Э.А. Рефлекторная теория высшей нервной деятельности. Избранные труды. 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