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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4677</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5316</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696422</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044467725060039</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ ВЫСШЕЙ НЕРВНОЙ (КОГНИТИВНОЙ) &#13;
ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ ВЫСШЕЙ НЕРВНОЙ (КОГНИТИВНОЙ) ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Specific peripheral markers of chronic stress load in the pathogenesis of depression: a clinical study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Специфические периферические маркеры хронической стрессорной нагрузки в патогенезе депрессии: клиническое исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzhkova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дружкова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhanina</surname><given-names>M. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жанина</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryzgalova</surname><given-names>Y. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брызгалова</surname><given-names>Ю. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guekht</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гехт</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulyaeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуляева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nata_gul@ihna.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический психоневрологический центр им. З.П. Соловьева ДЗМ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 75, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 75, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>695</fpage><lpage>706</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/696422">https://innoscience.ru/0044-4677/article/view/696422</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic stress, which causes disruption of brain and peripheral mechanisms of long-term adaptation, plays a key role in the development of affective disorders. Disruption of adaptive mechanisms manifests itself in the form of excessive and/or negative reactions to stressful situations. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of the involvement of chronic stress in the pathogenesis of depression by comparing psychometric and peripheral biochemical parameters in patients with depression who experience or do not experience chronic stress, in order to identify specific markers of these conditions and potential therapeutic targets. The study included 324 individuals (224 women, 80 men) with unipolar depressive disorder, 187of whom had experienced chronic stress during the year prior to testing. It has been shown that patients with depression and concomitant chronic stress have a specific biochemical and immunological profile that reflects the influence of chronic stress on the brain’s regulation of adaptive mechanisms. In particular, the depletion of adaptive systems (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, immune) is manifested in a significantly lower level of free cortisol in saliva and lymphocytes in the blood, while the level of the active form of vitamin D in blood serum, which has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, decreases. The elevated folate levels found in patients with chronic stress may reflect disturbances in their metabolism and interaction with vitamin D metabolism. A mathematical model has been developed to assess the likelihood of developing depression associated with chronic stress, according to which a combination of low levels of free cortisol in saliva, blood lymphocytes, the active form of vitamin D, and high levels of vitamin B9 in blood serum may be risk factors for the development of depressive symptoms in conditions of chronic stress. At a cutoff point of 0.75, the sensitivity of the model was 78% and the specificity was 71%. The results obtained not only reflect the neurohumoral and immune mechanisms at the intersection of chronic stress and mood disorders, but may also serve as a basis for the development of more effective treatment methods and strategies for the prevention of depressive states.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хронический стресс, вызывающий нарушение мозговых и периферических механизмов долговременной адаптации, играет ключевую роль в развитии аффективных расстройств. Нарушение адаптивных механизмов проявляется в виде чрезмерных и/или негативных реакций на стрессовые ситуации. Целью данного исследования было углубление понимания участия хронического стресса в патогенезе депрессии путем сравнительного анализа психометрических и периферических биохимических показателей у пациентов с депрессией, испытывающих и не испытывающих хронический стресс, для выявления специфических маркеров этих состояний и потенциальных терапевтических мишеней. В исследование были включены 324 человека (224 женщин, 80 мужчин) с униполярным депрессивным расстройством, 187 из которых испытывали хроническую стрессорную нагрузку в течение последнего года перед тестированием. Показано, что пациенты с депрессией и сопутствующим хроническим стрессом имеют специфический биохимический и иммунологический профиль, который отражает влияние хронического стресса на регуляцию мозгом адаптивных механизмов. В частности, истощение адаптивных систем (гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адренокортикальной, иммунной) проявляется в достоверно более низком уровне свободной фракции кортизола в слюне и лимфоцитов в крови, при этом снижается уровень обладающей нейропротекторным, противовоспалительным и антиоксидантным действием активной формы витамина D в сыворотке крови. Выявленный повышенный уровень фолатов у пациентов с хроническим стрессом может отражать нарушения их метаболизма и взаимодействия с метаболизмом витамина D. Создана математическая модель, оценивающая вероятность развития депрессии, сопряженной с хроническим стрессом, согласно которой сочетание низких уровней свободного кортизола в слюне, лимфоцитов крови, активной формы витамина D и высокого уровня витамина В9 в сыворотке крови могут быть факторами риска развития депрессивных симптомов в условиях хронической стрессорной нагрузки. При точке отсечения, равной 0.75, чувствительность модели составила 78%, специфичность – 71%. Полученные результаты не только отражают нейрогуморальные и иммунные механизмы на стыке между хроническим стрессом и расстройствами настроения, но и могут стать основой для разработки более эффективных методов лечения и стратегий профилактики депрессивных состояний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic stress</kwd><kwd>adaptation</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</kwd><kwd>cortisol</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>vitamin D</kwd><kwd>folates</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронических стресс</kwd><kwd>адаптация</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая ось</kwd><kwd>кортизол</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>витамин D</kwd><kwd>фолаты</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке АНО “Московский центр инновационных технологий в здравоохранении”, грант № 0702-1/23.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Тарабрина Н.В. 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