编号 5 (2025)

The relationship between supply and demand, the mechanism for ensuring effective demand, the role of unproductive expenditure, the importance of budgetary incentives, the problem of accumulation of reserves – the answers to these and other questions, explored by John M. Keynes in his “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”, have proven to be important even today, when the Russian economy continues to be under serious external restrictions, and the prospects for the world economy itself with its increasing fragmentation are becoming less certain.

The article presents a classification of determinants – factors that determine and influence the adoption of financial decisions by economic agents. The purpose of the article is to systematize the determinants that determine the financial behavior of households, assess their significance and the degree of impact on the adoption of financial decisions by private agents. The study systematizes existing theoretical approaches to the classification of factors of the financial behavior of the population, analyzes their features and relationships.

The purpose of this study is to determine the most important factors influencing the economic behavior of the population using a methodology based on official statistics. In Russian regions, there is a significant differentiation in the level of rationality of the economic behavior of the population as a response to modern challenges and threats. The relevance of the study is associated with the problems of measuring the strength of factors influencing the economic behavior of the population, which can affect the development of regions and the country as a whole. Using a statistical approach, the author comes to the conclusion that the factors that significantly activate the economic behavior of the population in many regions of the country are the level of real income and savings. Human development and competitive advantages of the territory partially contribute to activation. High inflation, which artificially reduces the value of labor and accumulated knowledge, the purchasing power of money and household income, has a negative effect on the behavior of the population.

The paper examines the impact of economic sanctions on the availability of medical care in three countries that have significant experience of sanctions (Cuba, Iran, Syria). It is shown that economic sanctions can significantly reduce the availability of medical care for the population. The most vulnerable to reduced availability of medical care are children, the elderly and people with chronic diseases, as well as those in need of high-tech care. The negative impact of sanctions is most pronounced in countries with a high degree of dependence of the commodity sector on imports; in countries where incomes significantly depend on the export of one or more goods, as well as in geographically isolated countries. The main factors contributing to the availability of medical care are the high level of development of the primary health care sector, as well as the presence of an effective system for monitoring its availability and, in particular, a system for analyzing and forecasting situations with a shortage of essential medicines, components, consumables, etc.

The article is devoted to assessing the importance of “green” bonds as a key instrument for financing projects aimed at environmentally sustainable development. The article examines the fundamental principles underlying “green” financing and analyzes the experience of the EU countries in using “green” bonds, as a world leader in this segment. Separately, the practices of the Nordic countries, representing a special “Scandinavian model of development”, are highlighted. The author also points out the existing challenges and risks in this area, including “greenwashing”, and formulates proposals for overcoming them and the possible use by the Russian Federation of European experience in solving environmental problems.