Science and Innovations in Medicine

Aim: to evaluate the dynamics of changes in the anatomy and topography of neck organs and structures after thyroidectomy in the late postoperative period.

Material and methods. An analysis of topographic and anatomical changes in neck organs and structures was conducted in patients with compression syndrome due to thyroid pathology before and after thyroidectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging data were used before surgery and two, six, twelve and twenty-four months after surgery to measure the following parameters: the size of the esophagus, trachea, common carotid arteries, and internal jugular veins; and the degree of displacement of neck organs and structures.

Results. Analysis of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging data revealed transverse laryngeal dispositions in 46% of cases. The trachea was subject to similar displacements. In patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, the esophagus acquired a spherical shape with a median anteroposterior size of 0.97 cm (0.72; 1.2), transverse, 0.67 cm (0.55; 0.81). Before the operation, the vascular-nerve bundles were displaced posteriorly and laterally. The median parameters of these dispositions on the right were 2.0 cm (1.89; 2.7) and 1.4 cm (1.12; 1.61), on the left, 1.88 cm (1.52; 2.0) and 1.29 cm (1.2; 1.67). In the postoperative period, in patients with multinodular colloid goiter, the esophagus was dislocated to the left. In the first year of the postoperative period, the vascular-nerve bundles in this category of patients were displaced anteriorly and medially. Twenty-four months after the operation, the right common carotid artery was displaced anteriorly and medially; the right internal jugular vein was located parallel to the arterial trunk; the left common carotid artery was displaced anteriorly and slightly laterally, and the left internal jugular vein was located to the left of it. After thyroidectomy in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, the larynx took a median position after two months and maintained this position twenty-four months after the operation. The trachea was displaced toward the midline of the neck and anteriorly. The median disposition medially was 1.6 cm (1.5; 1.73), anteriorly, 1.17 cm (0.9; 1.22) by the twelfth month of the postoperative period, 1.89 cm (1.74; 2.1) and 1.56 cm (1.46; 1.7), respectively, by the twenty-fourth month. The esophagus was slightly dislocated to the left. The common carotid arteries were displaced anteriorly, and the internal jugular veins were displaced anteriorly and laterally. Two years after the procedure, the venous vessels were parallel to the trachea, and the common carotid arteries were displaced posteriorly.

Despite the functioning of a multi-stage medical selection system and continuous aeromedical monitoring, diseases of the cardiovascular system remain the leading cause of occupational disqualification among aviation specialists. Contemporary studies indicate that the formation of cardiovascular risk in pilots and air traffic controllers is associated with a complex interaction between universal metabolic risk factors and specific occupational conditions, including shift work, circadian rhythm disruption, chronic stress, and forced physical inactivity. The aim of this study was to analyze current scientific data on modifiable risk factors for circulatory system diseases in aviation and to assess the prospects for their preventive correction.

The study was conducted as an analytical review of contemporary scientific literature. The search for sources was performed in the international databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the national database eLIBRARY.RU for the period of 2010–2025, with additional inclusion of key earlier methodological publications. The analysis included epidemiological, cohort, and clinical-metabolic studies containing quantitative estimates of associations between risk factors and cardiovascular diseases.

The literature analysis demonstrated that the structure of cardiovascular risk in aviation specialists largely corresponds to patterns observed in the general population and is primarily determined by classical modifiable risk factors, including arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, and smoking. At the same time, occupational conditions, e.g. work in shifts, circadian rhythm disruption, chronic stress, and physical inactivity, act as additional modifying influences that intensify metabolic dysregulation and contribute to the development of insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and subclinical atherosclerosis.

The synthesis of data on the mechanisms of circadian disruption, metabolic abnormalities, and early vascular changes allowed the authors to propose an integrative model of the pathogenetic continuum of cardiometabolic risk formation in aviation specialists. Within this model, the sequence of metabolic and structural alterations was systematized, and key diagnostic markers were identified with reference to different age stages of professional activity. The proposed scheme reflects the staged development of cardiovascular pathology and highlights a "therapeutic window" for early preventive intervention. This approach may serve as a theoretical basis for the development of screening algorithms and preventive management strategies for cardiometabolic risk in aviation medicine.

Aim: to conduct a comparative analysis of primary breast cancer (BC) incidence dynamics (2015–2024) across the Tomsk Region, the Siberian Federal District (SFD), and the Russian Federation (RF), and to develop a medium-term, evidence-based forecast for the Tomsk Region.

Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of federal statistical data was performed. Absolute numbers, crude, and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated and compared. Trends were analyzed using descriptive statistics. To create a medium-term forecast for the Tomsk Region, an extended time series (2007–2024) was utilized. A linear regression model was selected and validated, with its accuracy confirmed by standard statistical criteria (R², RMSE, AIC).

Results. A steady nationwide increase in BC incidence was observed (26.8% in absolute numbers). The growth accelerated in 2020–2024, being more intensive in the SFD and Tomsk Region (34.4% and 40.7%, respectively) compared to the RF. While age-standardized rates increased significantly in the SFD (19.9%) and RF (17.1%), the 10-year increase in the Tomsk Region (13.5%) was not statistically significant. The analysis focused on the female population, as male incidence showed no significant trend. The predictive model forecasts a rise in the age-standardized incidence rate in the Tomsk Region to 76.4 per 100.000 population by 2029 (95% CI: 64.1–88.6).

Conclusion. The study confirms a consistent upward trend in BC incidence with distinct regional variations. The forecast for the Tomsk Region underscores the necessity of enhancing screening programs and adapting regional oncology services to manage the projected increase in patient load effectively.

Aim: to evaluate the role of HGF, CEA, IL-8, and prolactin in progression of colorectal cancer, their diagnostic potential, and as therapeutic targets.

Material and methods. In this cross-sectional study, Luminex xMAP 200 was used to determine serum cytokine profiles in 91 CRC stages I–IV patients and 100 healthy controls, identifying diagnostic indicators. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to compare groups; heatmap and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were used to analyze cytokine-CRC relationships.

Results. Significant variations in prolactin (p = 0.004), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (p = 0.01), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p = 0.01), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (p = 0.01) indicated that the inflammatory milieu was favorable for malignancies. There was a substantial correlation between CEA and CRC staging. For HGF (AUC = 0.780), CEA (AUC = 0.733), IL-8 (AUC = 0.729), and prolactin (AUC = 0.708), ROC analysis demonstrated good diagnostic performance. The findings suggest that a systemic inflammatory environment is encouraging angiogenesis and tumor formation. The study has highlighted potential diagnostic indicators for CRC.

Conclusion. HGF, IL-8, CEA, and prolactin are potential diagnostic markers linked to colorectal cancer progression and staging in patients who may benefit from serum HGF, IL-8, CEA, and prolactin monitoring and the therapeutic target of their genes.

Aim: to evaluate the antitumor effect of ionizing radiation on non-transfected and transfected (with NEK2 gene knockdown) prostate cancer cell lines by analyzing their viability in vitro.

Material and methods. The study was performed using human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145, as well as a primary culture of tumor cells (PCa-PC) obtained from a patient with acinar prostate adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 7: 4+3). NEK2 gene knockdown was achieved by RNA interference using miRNA. Irradiation was carried out using a Theratron Equinox unit as a single dose of 6 Gy 48 h after transfection. Cell viability was assessed 24 h later by trypan blue staining. Results were expressed as percentages (M ± SD). Radiosensitization was evaluated using the enhancement index (EI). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Holm correction; a p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results. Irradiation without NEK2 knockdown caused a moderate decrease in cell viability in PC-3 and PCa-PC cells, whereas no statistically significant effect was observed in the DU145 cell line. NEK2 knockdown alone resulted in a pronounced reduction in cell viability in all studied cell lines (p< 0.0001). Combined treatment with ionizing radiation and NEK2 knockdown produced the maximum cytotoxic effect, reducing cell viability by more than threefold compared with control. EI values exceeded 1 and ranged from 2.5 to 3.7 depending on the cell line.

Conclusion. Suppression of NEK2 gene expression significantly reduces the viability of prostate cancer cells and increases their radiosensitivity, suggesting NEK2 as a promising molecular target for radiosensitization. The obtained results require further validation in in vivo models.

Aim: to establish reference characteristics of blood flow in the retrobulbar vessels and angular artery of the eye based on ultrasound Doppler imaging data in healthy people.

Material and methods. A study of the retrobulbar vessels in a group of healthy volunteers was performed. Thirty-six subjects (36 pairs of eyes) were examined. Blood flow parameters were measured in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), short posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) on the temporal side, angular artery (AngA), and central retinal vein (CRV). The following parameters were obtained: peak systolic blood flow velocity (PSV), end-diastolic blood flow velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI), maximum average weighted blood flow velocity in one cycle (TAMAX), pulsatility index (PI), and systolic acceleration time (AccT). For CRV, maximum and minimum blood flow velocities (Vmax and Vmin) were determined instead of PSV and EDV.

Results. During ultrasound Doppler imaging, the blood flow characteristics (M ± σ) in the studied vessels were as follows: for OA PSV, 23.7 ± 7.0 cm/s; EDV, 6.3 ± 2.9 cm/s; RI, 0.73 ± 0.09; TAMAX, 11.1 ± 4.0 cm/s; PI, 1.63 ± 0.53; AccT, 0.055 ± 0.008 s; for CRA PSV, 10.3 ± 2.9 cm/s; EDV, 2.5 ± 1.2 cm/s; RI, 0.76 ± 0.08; TAMAX, 4.9 ± 1.6 cm/s; PI, 1.64 ± 0.48; AccT, 0.054 ± 0.008 s; for CRV Vmax, 4.5 ± 1.8 cm/s; Vmin, 2.5 ± 1.2 cm/s; RI, 0.45 ± 0.11; for PCA: PSV, 13.3 ± 5.7 cm/s; EDV, 4.0 ± 2.5 cm/s; RI, 0.70 ± 0.10, TAMAX, 7.3 ± 3.7 cm/s; PI, 1.30 ± 0.34; AccT, 0.056 ± 0.007 s; for AngA: PSV, 17.2 ± 5.8 cm/s; EDV, 4.6 ± 2.0 cm/s; RI, 0.73 ± 0.09; TAMAX, 7.8 ± 2.9 cm/s; PI, 1.71 ± 0.60; AccT, 0.055 ± 0.007 s.

Conclusion. The combined use of spectral and numerical characteristics has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, thereby enhancing the method’s informative value. Reference parameters for AngA blood flow are presented.

We present a case of a 62-year-old patient with chronic, recurrent, total ulcerative colitis resistant to hormonal therapy, with a 14-year disease history at first presentation. On December 19, 2024, the patient underwent laparoscopic colectomy, lasting 300 minutes with 150 ml blood loss, and was discharged on postoperative day 7. The early postoperative course was complicated by adhesive obstruction, resolved conservatively. Despite subsequent local therapy aimed at rectal stump remission, inflammation persisted, and the patient declined ileoanal reservoir formation. On December 4, 2025, laparoscopic rectal excision was performed, including reconstruction of the ileostomy. The procedure lasted 170 minutes, with 30 ml blood loss. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 5.

This report illustrates the practical application of a staged surgical approach in ulcerative colitis, emphasizing individualized treatment decisions based on disease severity, response to therapy, and patient preference, as well as management of potential complications related to ileostomy.