Email this article Morphometric parameters of the pancreas of children and adolescents according to lifetime imaging data
- Authors: Chemezov S.V.1, Lyashchenko S.N.1, Lozinskii A.S.1
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Affiliations:
- Orenburg state medical university
- Issue: Vol 11, No 2 (2026)
- Pages: 105-110
- Section: Human Anatomy
- Published: 21.03.2026
- URL: https://innoscience.ru/2500-1388/article/view/692445
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.35693/SIM692445
- ID: 692445
Cite item
Abstract
Aim: to determine age and gender patterns of morphometric parameters of the pancreas of children and adolescents based on intravital imaging data.
Material and methods. Abdominal CT scans of 88 children and adolescents with no visible abdominal pathology were analyzed. Subjects were divided into four age groups: early childhood, early childhood, and late childhood, as well as adolescence. The study was performed using 16-slice CT scanners, determining the length, thickness, height, and volume of the head, body, and tail of the pancreas. The obtained data were processed using standard methods of variation statistics.
Results. It was found that among all those examined, the body of the pancreas had the greatest length of 4.22 (3.74; 4.89) cm, the length of the head was 3.14 (2.76; 3.79) cm, and the length of the tail was 2.87 (2.60; 3.36) cm. The thickness of the head, body and tail was 2.14 (1.90; 2.44) cm, 1.99 (1.82; 2.29) cm and 1.59 (1.36; 1.80) cm, respectively, and the height was 3.72 (3.24; 4.20) cm, 2.34 (1.96; 2.78) cm and 1.91 (1.74; 2.25) cm. A significant age-related increase in the length, thickness, height, and volume of each pancreatic section was determined from early childhood to adolescence. No significant gender differences were found between the parameters of girls and boys in the same age group for any parameter.
Conclusion. Using the computed tomography method, data were obtained on the intravital morphometry of the pancreas of children and adolescents. The obtained information will allow us to expand our understanding of the intravital anatomy of the pancreas in age and gender aspects and can be used in planning surgical interventions on the pancreas.
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INTRODUCTION
In contemporary literature, there are numerous papers on the anatomy of the pancreas. There are papers on anatomy and topography of the pancreas of adults [1], children [2] and its embryonal structure [3]. However, they all contain the data obtained from the studies of autopsy material. There are studies on lifetime anatomy of the pancreas, all involving adults [4, 5]. Individual publications contain data on specific morphometric parameters in some age groups, and those are the results obtained in ultrasound examinations [6–9].
Quite a number of papers focus on aspects of surgical interventions on the pancreas for various pathologies [10], optimization of surgical access to the pancreas [11], and aspects of its minimally invasive surgery [12].
In the recent years, there have appeared studies on 3D reconstruction of the pancreas [13], role of artificial intelligence in the organ visualization, its technological achievements and clinical application [14], including questions of segmentation of the pancreas in the population of adults [15, 16] and children [17].
The above factors justify the necessity of a more detailed, comprehensive study of anatomical peculiarities of the pancreas in children and adolescents from the standpoints of age and sex.
AIM
To determine age and gender patterns of morphometric parameters of the pancreas of children and adolescents based on intravital imaging data.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study included an analysis of abdominal CT scans of 88 children and adolescents obtained from the archive of the department of radiology of the Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital.
Inclusion criteria: individuals without history of evident pathology of the organs of the abdomen, and without history of surgery on the abdominal organs at the moment of the study.
The study was approved by the Local Committee on Ethics of the Orenburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Protocol No.82 dated 29.09.2025). The study was performed with a diagnostic objective. Written consent for the study was obtained from lawful representatives of the patients. The CT scans were anonymized and depersonalized. The total number of subjects was 88 children and adolescents aged from 1 to 16 years. The average age was 8.33±4.52 years, among girls: 9.39±3.97 years, among boys: 7.50±4.79 years. All the examined individuals were divided into 4 age groups according to the age periodization scheme approved in 1965. The distribution of individuals across age groups and subgroups is shown in Table 1.
Group No. (age period) | Subgroup No. | Number of subjects | % of total sample | ||
1 (early childhood) | 1 to 2 years | total | 1 | 21 | 23.9 |
boys | 2 | 8 | 9.1 | ||
girls | 3 | 13 | 14.8 | ||
2 (middle childhood) | 3 to 7 years | total | 4 | 23 | 26.1 |
boys | 5 | 10 | 11.4 | ||
girls | 6 | 13 | 14.8 | ||
3 (late childhood) | 8 to 12 years (boys); 8 to 11 years (girls) | total | 7 | 21 | 23.9 |
boys | 8 | 12 | 13.6 | ||
girls | 9 | 9 | 10.2 | ||
4 (adolescence) | 13 to 16 years (boys); 12 to 15 years (girls) | total | 10 | 23 | 26.1 |
boys | 11 | 12 | 13.6 | ||
girls | 12 | 11 | 12.5 | ||
Total | total | - | 88 | 100 | |
boys | - | 42 | 47.7 | ||
girls | - | 46 | 52.3 | ||
Table 1. Distribution of subjects by age groups and subgroups
Таблица 1. Распределение исследуемых по возрастным группам и подгруппам
The studies were performed on 16-slice computer tomographs General Electric BrightSpeed (USA) and Toshiba Aquilion (Japan) with section thickness of 1–1.25 mm during the native, early arterial, portal venous and delayed venous phases. Contrast enhancement was performed using the Ultravist 370 low osmolar contrast medium.
Using the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer (v. 2024.1) software suite, the length, thickness and height of the head, body and tail of the pancreas were measured on the axial and frontal Ct scans. The boundary between the head and the body was determined across the neck, and the boundary between the body and the tail, by the presence of an angle between these sections. Following that, the volume of each section of the pancreas was determined as well as the volume of the entire organ. The calculation of the volume of each section of the pancreas was done with the ellipsoid volume formula:
V=0.523abc,
where a is the length, b – thickness, c – height.
The scheme of the measurement of the studied parameters is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Scheme of measurements of morphometric parameters of the pancreas: A – scheme of measurements of length (a) and thickness (b) of the head, B – scheme of measurements of length (a) and thickness (b) of the body, C – scheme of measurements of length (a) and thickness (b) of the tail, D – scheme of measurements of head height (c), E – scheme of measurements of body height (c), F – scheme of measurements of tail height (c).
Рисунок 1. Схема измерений морфометрических параметров поджелудочной железы: А – схема измерения длины (a) и толщины (b) головки, В – схема измерения длины (a) и толщины (b) тела, С – схема измерения длины (a) и толщины (b) хвоста, D – схема измерения высоты головки (с), E – схема измерения высоты тела (с), F – схема измерения высоты хвоста (с).
Statistical processing. The obtained data were processed using variation statistics in Statistica 10. The normality of the distribution of the studied parameters was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests.
The age values followed a normal distribution; therefore, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (M ± σ) were calculated.
The studied morphometric parameters did not follow a normal distribution; therefore, nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis, with data presented as medians and 25th–75th percentiles (Me (25%;75%)). Changes in parameter values were described using percentages. Statistical significance of differences between boys and girls within the same age group was assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Differences between age groups and subgroups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test. When statistically significant differences were found, pairwise comparisons were performed using Dunn’s test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The study established that among all the examined subjects, the body of the pancreas had the greatest length of 4.22 (3.74; 4.89) cm, the length of the head was 3.14 (2.76; 3.79) cm, and the length of the tail was 2.87 (2.60; 3.36) cm. The values of the thickness and the height decreased from the head to the tail. Thus, the thickness of sections was 2.14 (1.90; 2.44) cm, 1.99 (1.82; 2.29) cm and 1.59 (1.36; 1.80) cm, and the height was 3.72 (3.24; 4.20) cm, 2.34 (1.96; 2.78) cm and 1.91 (1.74; 2.25) cm, respectively.
It is seen from Table 2 that the length of the pancreatic head in boys and girls from Group 1 was 2.46 (2.58; 2.94) cm and 2.72 (2.25; 2.78) cm, respectively, and increased by the age of adolescence by 63.8% and 50.3% to 4.03 (3.95; 4.24) cm (p = 0.004) and 4.09 (3.65; 4.54) cm (p < 0.001). The length of the body in the early childhood was 2.69 (2.35; 2.93) cm and 3.25 (2.88; 3.93) cm; in Group 4, it increased by 74.3% and 51.6% to 4.69 (4.57; 5.61) cm (p = 0.004) and 4.93 (4.36; 6.11) cm (p = 0.001). The length of the tail increased by 34.9% and 44.5% from 2.55 (2.46; 3.09) cm and 2.65 (2.54; 3.01) cm to 3.44 (2.91; 3.77) cm and 3.83 (3.27; 4.33) cm from Group 1 to Group 4 among girls (p = 0.032) and boys (p < 0.001), respectively.
Group | Subgroup | Head | Body | Tail | |||||||
Length | Thickness | Height | Length | Thickness | Height | Length | Thickness | Height | |||
1 | Total | 1 | 2.60 (2.31; 2.82)7,10 | 1.91 (1.80; 2.05)7,10 | 2.66 (2.32; 3.20)4,7,10 | 3.11 (2.72; 3.65)4,7,10 | 1.70 (1.32; 1.88)4,7,10 | 1.69 (1.61; 1.81)4,7,10 | 2.60 (2.52; 3.01)4,10 | 1.30 (1.18; 1.56)4,7,10 | 1.78 (1.27; 1.99)7,10 |
G | 2 | 2.46 (2.58; 2.94)5,8,11 | 1.85 (1.66; 2.01)2,8,11 | 2.38 (2.20; 2.90)11 | 2.69 (2.35; 2.93)5,11 | 1.57 (1.09; 1.81)5,8,11 | 1.65 (1.42; 1.74)11 | 2.55 (2.46; 2.89)11 | 1.28 (1.01; 1.58)5,11 | 1.40 (1.09; 1.79)11 | |
B | 3 | 2.72 (2.25; 2.78)9,12 | 1.92 (1.85; 2.11)12 | 2.80 (2.38; 3.26)6,9,12 | 3.25 (2.88; 3.93)6,9,12 | 1.70 (1.33; 1.91)6,9,12 | 1.69 (1.64 ;1.85)6,9,12 | 2.65 (2.54; 3.01)12 | 1.30 (1.19; 1.56)6,9,12 | 1.81 (1.42; 1.99)9,12 | |
2 | Total | 4 | 2.76 (2.59; 2.86)7,10 | 1.97 (1.80; 2.13)10 | 3.53 (3.11; 3.95)1,7,10 | 3.84 (3.74; 4.17)1,7,10 | 1.90 (1.79; 2.02)1,7,10 | 2.27 (2.05; 2.39)1,7,10 | 2.66 (2.43; 2.84)1,10 | 1.57 (1.47; 1.75)1 | 1.82 (1.72; 2.00)10 |
G | 5 | 2.71 (2.59; 2.86)2,8,11 | 1.94 (1.75; 2.08)5,8,11 | 3.47 (2.88; 3.95)11 | 3.80 (3.75; 4.17)2,8,11 | 1.87 (1.68; 1.92)2,11 | 2.16 (1.98; 2.34)8,11 | 2.66 (2.35; 2.82)11 | 1.51 (1.23; 1.59)2 | 1.78 (1.72; 1.91) | |
B | 6 | 2.76 (2.61; 2.93)9,12 | 2.01 (1.80; 2.23)12 | 3.56 (3.17; 3.86)3,12 | 3.92 (3.58; 4.36)3,9,12 | 1.96 (1.89; 2.08)3,12 | 2.34 (2.15; 2.59)3 | 2.69 (2.48; 3.14)12 | 1.70 (1.51; 1.86)3 | 1.85 (1.73; 2.44) | |
3 | Total | 7 | 3.44 (3.11; 3.57)1,4,10 | 2.29 (1.92; 2.33)4,10 | 3.87 (3.61; 4.27)1,4,10 | 4.68 (4.22; 5.02)1,4 | 2.08 (1.96; 2.29)1,4 | 2.53 (2.34; 2.97)1,4 | 2.87 (2.63; 3.25)10 | 1.68 (1.47; 1.80)1 | 2.03 (1.84; 2.30)1 |
G | 8 | 3.25 (3.25; 3.65)2,5,11 | 2.22 (1.93; 2.48)2,5 | 3.83 (3.59; 4.13) | 4.40 (4.29; 5.26)5 | 2.04 (1.87; 2.26)2 | 2.49 (2.29; 2.84)2,5 | 2.83 (2.62; 3.25)11 | 1.62 (1.37; 1.83) | 1.90 (1.83; 2.11) | |
B | 9 | 3.47 (3.06; 3.50)3,6,12 | 2.29 (1.89; 2.33)12 | 3.89 (3.61; 4.38)3 | 4.78 (4.19; 4.89)3,6 | 2.21 (1.96; 2.34)3 | 2.76 (2.37; 3.09)3 | 3.16 (2.87; 3.25)12 | 1.71 (1.58; 1.80)3 | 2.24 (1.90; 2.34)3 | |
4 | Total | 10 | 4.06 (3.84; 4.33)1,4,7 | 2.49 (2.26; 2.62)1,4,7 | 4.20 (3.92; 4.68)1,4,7 | 4.84 (4.57; 5.89)1,4 | 2.43 (2.01; 2.68)1,4 | 2.78 (2.17; 3.07)1,4 | 3.45 (3.15; 4.14)1,4,7 | 1.74 (1.43; 1.85)1 | 2.12 (1.83; 2.52)1,4 |
G | 11 | 4.03 (3.95; 4.24)2,5,8 | 2.45 (2.32; 2.65)2,5 | 4.20 (3.80; 4.86)2,5 | 4.69 (4.57; 5.61)2,5 | 2.28 (2.00; 2.67)2,5 | 2.71 (2.20; 3.07)5 | 3.44 (2.91; 3.77)2,5,8 | 1.65 (1.25; 1.81)2 | 2.02 (1.55; 2.24)2 | |
B | 12 | 4.09 (3.65; 4.54)3,6,9 | 2.50 (2.26; 2.61)3,6,9 | 4.28 (3.96; 4.46)3,6 | 4.93 (4.36; 6.11)3,6 | 2.44 (2.01; 2.69)3,6 | 2.87 (2.17; 2.96)3 | 3.83 (3.27; 4.33)3,6,9 | 1.78 (1.62; 2.06)3 | 2.45 (2.04; 2.58)3 | |
Table 2. Values of linear morphometric parameters of the pancreas (Me (25%; 75%), cm). Subgroups with statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 are indicated by superscript signs. D – girls, M – boys
Таблица 2. Значения показателей линейных морфометрических параметров поджелудочной железы (Ме (25%;75%), см). Надстрочными знаками указаны подгруппы, с которыми имеются статистически значимые различия при p < 0,05. Д – девочки, М – мальчики
The thickness of the pancreatic head in early childhood subjects was 1.85 (1.66; 2.01) cm and 1.92 (1.85; 2.11) cm; in the adolescence period, it increased by 32.4% and 30.2% to 2.45 (2.32; 2.65) cm (p = 0.017) and 2.50 (2.26; 2.61) cm (p = 0.005). The thickness of the body increased from 1.57 (1.09; 1.81) cm and 1.70 (1.33; 1.91) cm by 45.2% and 43.5% to 2.28 (2.00; 2.67) cm (p = 0.024) and 2.44 (2.01; 2.69) cm (p < 0.001), and the thickness of the head from 1.28 (1.01; 1.58) cm and 1.30 (1.19; 1.56) cm to 1.65 (1.25; 1.81) cm (p = 0.043) and 1.78 (1.62; 2.06) cm (p = 0.002), or 28.9% and 36.9%.
The height of the head increased, from the early childhood to adolescence, from 2.38 (2.20; 2.90) cm and 2.80 (2.38; 3.26) cm by 76.4% and 52.8% to 4.20 (3.80; 4.86) cm (p = 0.004) and 4.28 (3.96; 4.46) cm (p < 0.001), the height of the body increased from 1.65 (1.42; 1.74) cm and 1.69 (1.64; 1.85) cm by 64.2% and 69.8% to 2.71 (2.20; 3.07) cm (p = 0.004) and 2.87 (2.17; 2.96) cm (p < 0.001), and the height of the tail increased from 1.40 (1.09; 1.79) cm and 1.81 (1.42; 1.99) cm to 2.02 (1.55; 2.24) cm (p = 0.041) and 2.45 (2.04; 2.58) cm (p = 0.003), or by 44.2% and 35.3%, respectively.
No statistically significant differences were found between any linear parameters of boys and girls within each age group.
The volume of the pancreatic head, among all examined subjects, was 25.37 (16.45; 35.29) cm3, the volume of the body, 19.97 (13.62; 29.26) cm3, and the volume of the tail was 8.96 (6.41; 11.93) cm3, the total volume of the organ being 57.35 (39.08; 76.90) cm3 (Table 3).
Group | Subgroup | Head volume | Body volume | Tail volume | Total volume | |
1 | Total | 1 | 7.33 (5.82; 8.38)4,7,10 | 4.81 (3.01; 6.24)4,7,10 | 3.45 (2.26; 3.89)7,10 | 15.29 (11.71; 18.79)4,7,10 |
G | 2 | 7.30 (5.82; 8.38)6,9,11 | 3.33 (1.98; 4.64)5,8,11 | 2.74 (1.31; 4.73)11 | 13.45 (9.07; 17.91)5,8,11 | |
B | 3 | 7.37 (5.77; 8.53)8,12 | 5.23 (3.38; 6.52)6,9,12 | 3.45 (2.37; 3.88)6,9,12 | 15.70 (12.14; 18.79)6,9,12 | |
2 | Total | 4 | 9.55 (7.91; 11.00)1,7,10 | 8.83 (7.91; 9.58)1,7,10 | 4.22 (2.88; 5.13)10 | 22.09 (20.44; 25.91)1,7,10 |
G | 5 | 8.53 (7.75; 10.67)8,11 | 8.28 (6.95; 8.99)2,8,11 | 3.64 (2.72; 4.67)11 | 20.52 (18.45; 23.07)2,8,11 | |
B | 6 | 10.13 (8.65; 13.00)3,9,12 | 9.01 (8.15; 11.65)3,9,12 | 4.52 (3.76; 6.63)3,12 | 24.01 (21.34; 28.98)3,9,12 | |
3 | Total | 7 | 14.15 (13.07; 16.57)1,4,10 | 13.75 (10.62; 17.35)1,4 | 5.52 (4.17; 6.18)1,10 | 33.54 (30.55; 38.95)1,4,10 |
G | 8 | 13.71 (13.26; 17.46)2,5,11 | 13.57 (11.12; 17.16)2,5 | 4.60 (3.86; 6.13) | 32.32 (31.23; 36.71)2,5,11 | |
B | 9 | 14.35 (12.87; 15.57)3,6,12 | 13.92 (9.38; 18.45)3,6 | 5.97 (4.33; 6.67)3 | 35.49 (27.98; 39.36)3,6,12 | |
4 | Total | 10 | 22.84 (18.46; 26.46)1,4,7 | 15.48 (12.64; 18.90)1,4 | 6.28 (5.65; 8.02)1,4,7 | 46.17 (38.73; 55.53)1,4,7 |
G | 11 | 22.40 (18.46; 26.46)2,5,8 | 14.71 (12.84; 16.14)2,5 | 5.74 (3.65; 6.64)2,5 | 44.79 (38.09; 46.51)2,5,8 | |
B | 12 | 22.96 (18.71; 27.24)3,6,9 | 18.85 (12.29; 21.63)3,6 | 7.85 (5.99; 11.15)3,6 | 50.62 (41.84; 59.48)3,6,9 | |
Table 3. Values of volumetric indicators of the pancreas (Me (25%; 75%), cm3). Subgroups with statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 are indicated by superscript signs. D – girls, M – boys
Таблица 3. Значения объемных показателей поджелудочной железы (Ме (25%;75%), см3). Надстрочными знаками указаны подгруппы, с которыми имеются статистически значимые различия при p < 0,05. Д – девочки, М – мальчики
The volume of the head increased from 7.30 (5.82; 8.38) cm3 and 7.37 (5.77; 8.53) cm3 by 206.8% and 211.5% to 22.40 (18.46; 26.46) cm3 (p = 0.004) and 22.96 (18.71; 27.24) cm3 (p < 0.001), the volume of the body increased from 3.33 (1.98; 4.64) cm3 and 5.23 (3.38; 6.52) cm3 by 341.7% and 260.4% to 14.71 (12.84; 16.14) cm3 (p = 0.004) and 18.85 (12.29; 21.63) cm3 (p < 0.001), the volume of the tail increased from 2.74 (1.31; 4.73) cm3 and 3.45 (2.37; 3.88) cm3 by 109.4% and 127.5% to 5.74 (3.65; 6.64) cm3 (p = 0.036) and 7.85 (5.99; 11.15) cm3 (p < 0.001) among girls and boys, respectively.
The total pancreatic volume increased from early childhood to adolescence in girls from 13.45 (9.07; 17.91) cm³ to 44.79 (38.09; 46.51) cm³ (p = 0.004), and in boys from 15.70 (12.14; 18.79) cm³ to 50.62 (41.84; 59.48) cm³ (p < 0.001), representing an increase of 233.0% and 222.4%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in pancreatic volume parameters were found between boys and girls within the same age group.
DISCUSSION
The available literature contains isolated data on in vivo morphometric parameters of the pancreas in certain age periods.
V.O. Erkudov et al. [6] reported that according to in vivo visualization the length of the pancreatic head, depending on the Z-index of the body length, varies from 1.54 cm to 2.20 cm, the length of the pancreatic body, from 0.98 cm to 1.22 cm, and the length of the tail varies from 1.66 cm to 1.79 cm, which, overall, is significantly lower than the data we obtained.
M. Di Serafino et al. [8] published data on the morphometric parameter of the pancreas that the paper refers to as the diameter. In children aged 0 to 6 years, the diameter of the head was 1.0–1.9 cm, diameter of the body, 0.4–1.0 cm, diameter of the tail, 0.8–1.6 cm. In children aged 7 to 12, the values varied in the range of 1.7–2.0 cm, 0.6–1.0 cm and 1.3–1.6 cm, and in adolescents aged 13 to 18, in the range of 1.8–2.2 cm, 0.7–1.2 cm and 0.3–1.9 cm. These values are also lower than the data we obtained.
Discrepancies with the data from the aforementioned studies may be related to the use of ultrasound as a fairly subjective method of in vivo imaging, combined with the complex and difficult-to-access topographic-anatomical location of the pancreas. The highly variable and irregular shape of the pancreas, as well as the presence of blurred boundaries due to low contrast between the pancreas and surrounding organs, also play a role.
Computed tomography is one of the primary methods for examining the pancreas, not only for diagnostic purposes in clinical medicine but also for addressing research objectives, especially in light of technological advancements such as the introduction of dual-energy computed tomography and spectral photon-counting computed tomography [18].
The paper of Bayramoğlu Z. et al. [7] presents the data on thickness of the pancreas in children and adolescents based on computed tomography. According to these authors, the thickness of the pancreatic head increased in the period from the early childhood to adolescent age from 15.4±3.1 mm to 26.3±4.5 mm, thickness of the body, from 13.1±2.9 mm to 21.0±3.5 mm, and the thickness of the tail, from 10.6±3.4 mm to 17.4±4.2 mm, which aligns with the data obtained by us.
At the same time, studies providing data on the volume of the pancreas and its individual parts, taking into account the age and gender differences of examined children and adolescents, are lacking. No study has presented morphometric parameter values separately for girls and boys, nor has a comparative analysis been conducted between the parameters of girls and boys within the same age group.
CONCLUSION
Thus, data on in vivo morphometry of the pancreas in children and adolescents were obtained using computed tomography. Age-related dynamics of a statistically significant increase in the length, thickness, height, and volume of each part of the pancreas from early childhood to adolescence were established. No statistically significant sex-related differences were found between the parameters of boys and girls within the same age group for any parameter.
These findings expand the understanding of the in vivo anatomy of the pancreas in terms of age and sex and may be useful for planning surgical interventions on the pancreas.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ |
Study funding. The study was the authors’ initiative without external funding. | Источник финансирования. Работа выполнена по инициативе авторов без привлечения финансирования. |
Conflict of interest. The authors declare that there are no obvious or potential conflicts of interest associated with the content of this article. | Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с содержанием настоящей статьи. |
Ethical expertise. The study was approved by the Bureau of the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Orenburg State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (protocol №82 from 29.09.2025). | Этическая экспертиза. Проведение исследования одобрено бюро ЛЭК ФГБОУ ВО «Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет» Мин-здрава России (протокол №82 от 29.09.2025 г.). |
Contributions of the authors. Chemezov S.V., Liashchenko S.N.: study concept and design development, data collection, data analysis, editing of the manuscript. Lozinskii A.S.: literature search and analysis, data collection, statistical data processing, writing of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the article prior to publication and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, including appropriately investigating and resolving any questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work. | Участие авторов. Чемезов С.В., Лященко С.Н.: разработка концепции и дизайна исследования, сбор материала, анализ полученных данных, редактирование текста статьи. Лозинский А.С.: поиск и анализ литературы, сбор материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста статьи. Все авторы одобрили финальную версию статьи перед публикацией, выразили согласие нести ответственность за все аспекты работы, подразумевающую надлежащее изучение и решение вопросов, связанных с точностью или добросовестностью любой части работы. |
Statement of originality. No previously published material (text, images, or data) was used in this work. | Оригинальность. При создании настоящей работы авторы не использовали ранее опубликованные сведения (текст, иллюстрации, данные). |
Data availability statement. The editorial policy regarding data sharing does not apply to this work. | Доступ к данным. Редакционная политика в отношении совместного использования данных к настоящей работе не применима. |
Generative AI. No generative artificial intelligence technologies were used to prepare this article. | Генеративный искусственный интеллект. При создании настоящей статьи технологии генеративного искусственного интеллекта не использовали. |
Provenance and peer review. This paper was submitted unsolicited and reviewed following the standard procedure. The peer review process involved 2 external reviewers. | Рассмотрение и рецензирование. Настоящая работа подана в журнал в инициативном порядке и рассмотрена по обычной процедуре. В рецензировании участвовали 2 внешних рецензента. |
About the authors
Sergei V. Chemezov
Orenburg state medical university
Email: prof_chemezov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1994-4293
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Professor of the Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy named after S.S. Mikhailov.
Russian Federation, OrenburgSergei N. Lyashchenko
Orenburg state medical university
Email: serglyashenko@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6467-2242
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy named after S.S. Mikhailov.
Russian Federation, OrenburgAndrei S. Lozinskii
Orenburg state medical university
Author for correspondence.
Email: a-lozinskiy@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7279-9195
MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate professor, Associate professor of the Department of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy named after S.S. Mikhailov.
Russian Federation, OrenburgReferences
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Supplementary files
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).