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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Science and Innovations in Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Science and Innovations in Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наука и инновации в медицине</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2500-1388</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-754X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">FSBEI of Higher Education SamSMU of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">553365</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35693/SIM553365</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Traumatology and Orthopedics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Травматология и ортопедия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment of the knee joint for chondral defects and a new approach to the role and place of mosaic autochondroplasty</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оперативное лечение хондральных дефектов коленного сустава и новый взгляд на роль и место мозаичной аутохондропластики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-6160</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotelnikov</surname><given-names>Gennadii P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котельников</surname><given-names>Геннадий П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the RAS, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова</p></bio><email>g.p.kotelnikov@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-7294</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191981656</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">GXV-4871-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4180-6470</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudashev</surname><given-names>Dmitrii S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудашев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate professor, Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov, Head of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics No.2 of SamSMU Clinics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, заведующий травматолого-ортопедическим отделением №2 Клиник СамГМУ, доцент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова</p></bio><email>d.s.kudashev@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-2486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lartsev</surname><given-names>Yurii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларцев</surname><given-names>Юрий В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова</p></bio><email>yu.v.lartsev@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6471-123X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zuev-Ratnikov</surname><given-names>Sergei D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуев-Ратников</surname><given-names>Сергей Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate professor, Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov, traumatologist-orthopedist, Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics No.2 of SamSMU Clinics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова, врач травматолог-ортопед травматолого-ортопедического отделения №2 Клиник СамГМУ</p></bio><email>s.d.zuev-ratnikov@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-5044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushkin</surname><given-names>Dmitrii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушкин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate professor, Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова</p></bio><email>d.a.dolgushkin@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1751-700X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asatryan</surname><given-names>Vardan G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асатрян</surname><given-names>Вардан Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>a postgraduate student of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov, traumatologist-orthopedist, Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics No.2 of SamSMU Clinics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова, врач травматолог-ортопед травматолого-ортопедического отделения №2 Клиник СамГМУ</p></bio><email>v.g.asatryan@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7202-7471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbatov</surname><given-names>Nikita D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербатов</surname><given-names>Никита Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>clinical resident of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Surgery n.a. Academician of RAS A.F. Krasnov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический ординатор кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной хирургии имени академика РАН А.Ф. Краснова</p></bio><email>niksherbatov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-02-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>222</fpage><lpage>230</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-17"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-20"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Kotelnikov G.P., Kudashev D.S., Lartsev Y.V., Zuev-Ratnikov S.D., Dolgushkin D.A., Asatryan V.G., Shcherbatov N.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Котельников Г.П., Кудашев Д.С., Ларцев Ю.В., Зуев-Ратников С.Д., Долгушкин Д.А., Асатрян В.Г., Щербатов Н.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kotelnikov G.P., Kudashev D.S., Lartsev Y.V., Zuev-Ratnikov S.D., Dolgushkin D.A., Asatryan V.G., Shcherbatov N.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котельников Г.П., Кудашев Д.С., Ларцев Ю.В., Зуев-Ратников С.Д., Долгушкин Д.А., Асатрян В.Г., Щербатов Н.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/2500-1388/article/view/553365">https://innoscience.ru/2500-1388/article/view/553365</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review article presents the analysis of current organ-preserving surgical treatment methods for chondral defects of the knee joint from the standpoint of their pathogenesis. We systematized and provided comparative characteristics of the methods of joint-preserving surgical treatment of patients of this category with a critical analysis of various types of operations used for full-thickness and penetrating hyaline cartilage defects. Mosaic chondroplasty, one of the leading methods of surgical treatment for III- and IV-degrees defects (according to the ICRS classification), was considered in detail. The indications, contraindications and conditions for performing mosaic autoplasty of the articular surfaces of the knee joint were analyzed using the historical retrospective and the results of current research. We outlined several debatable provisions and problems of using the classical version of mosaic chondroplasty in case of destructive-dystrophic genesis of the osteochondral defect. The dogmatic approaches to chondroplasty were raised for discussion, as we consider them requiring critical revision.</p> <p>The authors presented a detailed description of the developed new methods of mosaic chondroplasty relying on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of the knee osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis, as well as the role of the subchondral bone in the development of both these conditions and associated articular cartilage defects. The surgical instruments developed by the authors for the new methods of chondroplasty were described.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлен аналитический обзор применяющихся в настоящее время способов органосохраняющего оперативного лечения хондральных дефектов коленного сустава с позиций их патогенетической направленности. Представлена систематизация и даны сравнительные характеристики методов суставосберегающего хирургического лечения пациентов данной категории с критическим анализом различных вариантов операций, применяющихся при полнослойных и пенетрирующих дефектах гиалинового хряща. Детально рассмотрен один из основных способов оперативного лечения дефектов III и IV степеней (по ICRS) – мозаичная хондропластика. Дана аналитическая оценка показаний, противопоказаний и условий для выполнения мозаичной аутопластики суставных поверхностей коленного сустава в аспекте исторической ретроспективы и результатов исследований настоящего времени. Сформулированы дискуссионные положения и проблемы использования классического варианта мозаичной хондропластики при ее применении в случае деструктивно-дистрофического генеза остеохондрального дефекта. Вынесены для обсуждения догматические установки в отношении мозаичной хондропластики, требующие по отношению к себе критического пересмотра.</p> <p>Авторами представлены и подробно описаны разработанные новые способы мозаичной хондропластики, основанные на полученных в настоящее время представлениях о патогенезе остеоартроза и остеонекроза коленного сустава, а также роли субхондральной кости в развитии как указанных заболеваний, так и ассоциированных с ними дефектах суставного хряща. Описаны разработанные авторами хирургические инструменты для реализации новых способов хондропластики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>hyaline cartilage</kwd><kwd>cartilage defect</kwd><kwd>knee joint</kwd><kwd>chondroplasty</kwd><kwd>mosaic chondroplasty</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартроз</kwd><kwd>гиалиновый хрящ</kwd><kwd>дефект хряща</kwd><kwd>коленный сустав</kwd><kwd>хондропластика</kwd><kwd>мозаичная хондропластика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alekseeva LI, Taskina EA, Kashevarova NG. Osteoarthritis: epidemiology, classification, risk factors, and progression, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2019;13(2):9-21. (In Russ.). [Алексеева Л.И., Таскина Е.А., Кашеварова Н.Г. 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