<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Science and Innovations in Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Science and Innovations in Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наука и инновации в медицине</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2500-1388</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-754X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">FSBEI of Higher Education SamSMU of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633484</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35693/SIM633484</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Otorhinolaryngology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оториноларингология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the middle ear pathology formation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Значение гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни в формировании патологии среднего уха</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-3603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komarov</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комаров</surname><given-names>Михаил Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher of the Research Department of Pathology of the External, Middle and Inner Ear; assistant of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела патологии наружного, среднего и внутреннего уха, ассистент кафедры оториноларингологии</p></bio><email>7_line@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-2098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student of the Otorhinolaryngology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры оториноларингологии</p></bio><email>vaka.713@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-7006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezrukova</surname><given-names>Evgeniya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безрукова</surname><given-names>Евгения Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate professor, Head of the Academic Department of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, заведующая учебной частью кафедры оториноларингологии</p></bio><email>evgeniya.bezrukova@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт уха, горла, носа и речи» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Northwest State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-08-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>216</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Komarov M.V., Fedotova A.A., Bezrukova E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Комаров М.В., Федотова А.А., Безрукова Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Komarov M.V., Fedotova A.A., Bezrukova E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Комаров М.В., Федотова А.А., Безрукова Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://innoscience.ru/2500-1388/article/view/633484">https://innoscience.ru/2500-1388/article/view/633484</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of the extraesophageal reflux effect on the middle ear structures in adults is of considerable interest. The mechanism of formation of gastroesophageal reflux disease associated otitis media is closely related to such concepts as nasopharyngeal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux.</p> <p>The article presents an analysis of the medical literature focusing on the mechanisms of development of inflammation mechanisms in the middle ear cavity affected by the gastric contents. The article uses publications in such scientific databases as PubMed, eLIBRARY, Science Direct, Research Gate, dated from 1990 to 2024.</p> <p>A detailed understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms affecting formation of the middle ear cavity inflammation under the influence of extraesophageal reflux has been obtained. Major scientific studies confirm that gastroesophageal reflux disease acts as a risk factor for the middle ear cavity inflammation formation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изучение влияния экстраэзофагеального рефлюкса на структуры среднего уха у взрослых представляет значительный интерес. Механизм формирования ГЭРБ ассоциированного среднего отита тесно взаимосвязан с такими понятиями, как назофарингеальный рефлюкс и ларингофарингеальный рефлюкс.</p> <p>В статье представлен анализ медицинской литературы, посвященной изучению механизмов формирования воспаления в полости среднего уха под воздействием компонентов желудочного содержимого. Использованы публикации в таких научных базах данных, как PubMed, eLIBRARY, Science Direct, Research Gate, с 1990 по 2024 года.</p> <p>Получено развернутое представление о патофизиологических механизмах формирования воспаления в полости среднего уха под воздействием экстраэзофагеального рефлюкса. Крупные научные исследования подтверждают, что ГЭРБ выступает в роли фактора риска формирования воспаления в полости среднего уха.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>otitis media</kwd><kwd>gastroesophageal reflux disease</kwd><kwd>GERD</kwd><kwd>reflux</kwd><kwd>pepsin</kwd><kwd>tympanosclerosis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>H. pylori</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>средний отит</kwd><kwd>ГЭРБ</kwd><kwd>рефлюкс</kwd><kwd>пепсин</kwd><kwd>тимпаносклероз</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>H. pylori</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Angotoeva IB, Shchepkina EV, Magomedova MM. Clinical aspects of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Russian otorhinolaryngology. 2022;21(1):19-26. (In Russ.). [Анготоева И.Б., Щепкина Е.В., Магомедова М.М. Клинические аспекты ларингофарингеального рефлюкса. Российская оториноларингология. 2022;21(1):19-26. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2022-1-19-26</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Global Evidence-Based Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(8):1900-1920. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Komarov MV, Fedotova AA, Bezrukova EV, Goncharov OI. The role of gastrointestinal tract acid-related diseases influence in development of recurrent and irreversible chronic inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. Rossiiskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2023;22(6):53-61. (In Russ.). [Комаров М.В., Федотова А.А., Безрукова Е.В., Гончаров О.И. Роль кислотозависимых заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта в формировании рецидивирующих и необратимых хронических воспалительных явлений в полости среднего уха. Российская оториноларингология. 2023;22(6):53-61]. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2023-6-53-61</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Soldatsky YuL, Onufrieva EK, Pogosova IE, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and pharyngolaryngeal reflux in children with chronic laryngeal pathology. Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2008;2:34-39. (In Russ.). [Солдатский Ю.Л., Онуфриева Е.К., Погосова И.Е., и др. Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь и фаринголарингеальный рефлюкс у детей с хронической патологией гортани. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2008;2:34-39]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=10334394</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lechien JR, Saussez S, Schindler A, et al. Clinical outcomes of laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(5):1174-1187. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.27591</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shi D, Zhao H, Chen G, et al. The effects of treating GERD on the outcomes of otitis media with effusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2024;45(1):104061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Angotoeva IB, Kosyakov SYa, Shevhuzheva IB. Nasopharyngeal reflux. What do we know today? Russian Rhinology. 2019;27(4):209-214. (In Russ.). [Анготоева И.Б., Косяков С.Я., Шевхужева И.Б. Назофарингеальный рефлюкс. Что мы знаем сегодня? Российская ринология. 2019;27(4):209-214]. https://doi.org/10.17116/rosrino201927041209</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Angotoeva IB, Magomedova MM. Results of the study of conservative treatment of laryngeal manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Medical Council. 2021;(18):28-33. (In Russ.). [Анготоева И.Б., Магомедова М.М. Результаты исследования консервативного лечения ларингеальных проявлений ларингофарингеального рефлюкса. Медицинский совет. 2021;(18):28-33]. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-18-28-33</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Axford SE, Sharp N, Ross PE, et al. Cell biology of laryngeal epithelial defenses in health and disease: preliminary studies. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001;110(12). https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940111001203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Melnik SM. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with reflux disease: is there a link between these pathologies? (Literature review). Rossiiskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2015;(4):126-130. (In Russ.). [Мельник С.М. Синдром обструктивного апноэ сна у пациентов с рефлюксной болезнью: есть ли связь между этими патологиями? (Обзор литературы). Российская оториноларингология. 2015;(4):126-130]. URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24087037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Pestakova LV. Study of rhinocytograms in patients with GERD. Rossiiskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2015;(1):96-99. (In Russ.). [Пестакова Л.В. Исследование риноцитограмм у больных ГЭРБ. Российская оториноларингология. 2015;(1):96-99]. URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25000873</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ryabova MA, Vasilevsky DI, Pestakova LV, et al. Influence of gastroesophageal reflux disease on the state of the upper respiratory tract. Folia Otorhinolaryngologiae et Pathologiae Respiratoriae. 2020;26(3):70-80. (In Russ.). [Рябова М.А., Василевский Д.И., Филиппов Д.И., и др. Влияние различных видов фаринголарингеального рефлюкса на состояние гортани. Folia Otorhinolaryngologiae et Pathologiae Respiratoriae. 2020;26(3):70-80]. URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27446879</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Karpova EP, Tulupov DA, Zaviktorina TG. Changes in the microflora of the pharyngeal tonsil in children with chronic adenoiditis associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Rossijskaya rinologiya. 2009;2:61. (In Russ.). [Карпова Е.П., Тулупов Д.А., Завикторина Т.Г. Изменение микрофлоры глоточной миндалины у детей с хроническим аденоидитом, ассоциированным с гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезнью (ГЭРБ). Российская ринология. 2009;2:61]. URL: https://www.lvrach.ru/2013/01/15435598</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Angotoeva IB, Muldasheva AA. Laryngopharyngeal reflux as a possible cause of adenoiditis in the adult patients. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2013;78(3):52-55. (In Russ.). [Анготоева И.Б., Мулдашева А.А. Ларингофарингеальный рефлюкс как возможная причина аденоидита у взрослых. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2013;78(3):52-55]. URL: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/vestnik-otorinolaringologii/2013/3/downloads/ru/030042-46682013312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Shilenkova VV. Gastroesophageal reflux in children. Russian Rhinology. 2015;23(4):34-38. (In Russ.). [Шиленкова В.В. Экстраэзофагеальный рефлюкс у детей. Российская ринология. 2015;23(4):34-38]. https://doi.org/10.17116/rosrino201523434-38</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Tumgor G, Midilli R, Yuksekkaya HA, et al. Laryngopharengeal reflux in patients with severe adeno-tonsil hyperplasia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2006;70(4):761-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.12.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Koufman JA, Aviv JE, Casiano RR, et.al. Laryngopharyngeal reflux: position statement of the committee on speech, voice, and swallowing disorders of the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. 2002;127(1):32-35. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.125760</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Karoui S, Zouiten L, Matri S, et al. Findings of 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in patients with respiratory and otorhinolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Tunis Med. 2006;3(84):165-169. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16755957/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Angotoeva IB, Magomedova MM. Analysis of the microbiota from the surface of the tonsils in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Russian otorhinolaryngology. 2022;21(2):8-15. (In Russ.). [Анготоева И.Б., Магомедова М.М. Анализ микробиоты с поверхности небных миндалин у пациентов с ларингофарингеальным рефлюксом. Российская оториноларингология. 2022;21(2):8-15]. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2022-2-8-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston N, Pearson JP, et al. Review article: reflux and its consequences–the laryngeal, pulmonary and oesophageal manifestations. Conference held in conjunction with the 9th International Symposium on Human Pepsin (ISHP) Kingston-upon-Hull, UK, 21-23 April 2010. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;1(33):1-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04581.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Sone M, Kato T, Nakashima T. Current concepts of otitis media in adults as a reflux-related disease. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1013-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318299aa52</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zubareva AA, Karpishchenko SA, Yaremenko AI, et al. Otitis media with effusion and persistent Eustachian tube dysfunction in a patient with an infratemporal fossa tumor. Head &amp; Neck. Russian Journal. 2023;11(4):39-45. (In Russ.). [Зубарева А.А., Карпищенко С.А., Яременко А.И., и др. Случай длительного течения экссудативного отита с дисфункцией слуховой трубы при новообразовании подвисочной ямки. Голова и шея. Российское издание. 2023;11(4):39-45]. https://doi.org/10.25792/HN.2023.11.4.39-45</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Embutnieks YuV, Valitova ER, Bordin DS. The New Approach to the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: the Protection of the Esophageal Mucosa. Effective pharmacotherapy. 2019;18(15):16-22. (In Russ.). [Эмбутниекс Ю.В., Валитова Э.Р., Бордин Д.С. Новый подход к лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни: защита слизистой оболочки пищевода. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2019;18(15):16-22]. https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-18-16-22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Xu G, Zhou B, et al. Effects of acids, pepsin, bile acids, and trypsin on laryngopharyngeal reflux diseases: physiopathology and therapeutic targets. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(6):2743-2752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-07201-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Samsonov AA, Golubev NN, Andreev NG, et al. The protective barrier of the gastric mucosa and the possibility of drug cytoprotection. Directory of a polyclinic doctor. 2018;6:40-48. (In Russ.). [Самсонов А.А., Голубев Н.Н., Андреев Н.Г., и др. Защитный барьер слизистой оболочки желудка и возможности лекарственной цитопротекции. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2018;6:40-48]. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36782021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Bardhan KD, Strugala V, Dettmar PW. Reflux revisited: advancing the role of pepsin. Int J Otolaryngol. 2012;2012:646901. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/646901</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Krotov SYu, Pomorgailo EG, Kononov AV, Krotov YuA. Morphological features of mucous membrane of tympanic cavity in exudative otitis media and its changes under ultrasound regional lymphotropic therapy. Russian Otorhinolaryngology. 2022;21(4):46-51. (In Russ.). [Кротов С.Ю., Поморгайло Е.Г., Кононов А.В., Кротов Ю.А. Морфологическая особенность слизистой оболочки барабанной полости при экссудативном среднем отите и ее изменения на фоне ультразвуковой региональной лимфотропной терапии. Российская оториноларингология. 2022;21(4):46-51. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2022-4-46-51</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Komarov MV, Michurina AP. Morpho-functional assessment of mucous membrane of supratubal recess and anterior epitympanic recess. Russian Otorhinolaryngology. 2024;23(1):8-12. (In Russ.). [Комаров М.В., Мичурина А.П. Морфофункциональная оценка слизистой оболочки надтубарного кармана и переднего эпитимпанального синуса. Российская оториноларингология. 2024;23(1):8-12]. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2024-1-8-12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Padurariu S, Röösli C, Røge R, et al. On the functional compartmentalization of the normal middle ear. Morpho-histological modeling parameters of its mucosa. Hear Res. 2019;378:176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.0234</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ars B, Wuyts F, Van de Heyning P, et al. Histomorphometric study of the normal middle ear mucosa. Preliminary results supporting the gas-exchange function in the postero-superior part of the middle ear cleft. Acta Otolaryngol. 1997;117(5):704-707. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489709113463</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Lei L, Yu Z, Yu R, et al. Correlation of pathogenic effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux and bacterial infection in COME of children. Acta Otolaryngol. 2021;141(5):454-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2021.1883732</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>O’Reilly RC, He Z, Bloedon E, et al. The role of extraesophageal reflux in otitis media in infants and children. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(S116):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLG.0b013e31817924a3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sasaki CT, Marotta J, Hundal J, et al. Bile-induced laryngitis: is there a basis in evidence? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:192-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940511400304</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Southwood JE, Hoekzema CR, Samuels TL, et al. The impact of pepsin on human nasal epithelial cells in vitro: a potential mechanism for extraesophageal reflux induced chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015;12(124):957-964. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489415593556</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>O'Reilly RC, Soundar S, Tonb D, et al. The role of gastric pepsin in the inflammatory cascade of pediatric otitis media. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;141(4):350-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2014.3581</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Stol K, Diavatopoulos DA, Graamans K, et al. Inflammation in the middle ear of children with recurrent or chronic otitis media is associated with bacterial load. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(11):1128-1134. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3182611d6b</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Komarov MV, Anikin IA, Dvoryanchikov VV. Classification of pathological epidermization (cholesteatoma) of the middle ear NMAO. Medical Council. 2023;(7):102-111. (In Russ.). [Комаров М.В., Аникин И.А., Дворянчиков В.В. Классификация патологической эпидермизации (холестеатомы) среднего уха НМАО. Медицинский Совет. 2023;(7):102-111]. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Lechien JR, Saussez S, Schindler A, et al. Clinical outcomes of laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(5):1174-1187. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.27591</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Qadeer MA, Colabianchi N, Vaezi MF. Is GERD a risk factor for laryngeal cancer? Laryngoscope. 2005;115(3):486-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000157851.24272.41</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Baike EV, Vitkovskii YuA. Cytokine status and the specific features of the course of chronic purulent otitis media. Russian otorhinolaryngology. 2016;6(85):27-32. (In Russ.). [Байке Е.В., Витковский Ю.А. Цитокиновый статус и особенности течения хронического гнойного среднего отита. Российская оториноларингология. 2016;6(85):27-32]. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2016-6-27-32</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Nina Petrovna Konstantinova – an outstanding doctor, teacher, scientist. Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2023;88(3):139-145. (In Russ.). [К 100-летию со дня рождения Нины Петровны Константиновой – выдающегося врача, педагога, ученого. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2023;88(3):139-145. https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino202288031139</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Poelmans J, Tack J, Feenstra L. Chronic middle ear disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a causal relation? Otol Neurotol. 2001;22(4):447-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200107000-00005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Komarov MV, Аnikin IA, Goncharov OI. On the issue of preoperative preparation of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2023;17(7):132-137. (In Russ.). [Комаров М.В., Аникин И.А., Гончаров О.И. К вопросу о предоперационной подготовке пациентов с туботимпанальной формой хронического гнойного среднего отита. Медицинский Совет. 2023;17(7):132-137]. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-122</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kryukov AI, Garov EV, Azarov PV. Surgical tactics in chronicle supporative mesotympanitis. Head &amp; Neck. Russian Journal. 2015;3:16-21. (In Russ.). [Крюков А.И., Гаров Е.В., Азаров П.В. Хирургическая тактика при хроническом гнойном среднем отите (мезотимпаните). Голова и шея. 2015;3:16-21]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24738898</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Viliušytė E, Macaitytė R, Vaitkus A, et al. Associations between peripheral vertigo and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Med Hypotheses. 2015;85(3):333-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Iriz A, Eryilmaz A, Gocer C, et al. Could Helicobacter pylori play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of tympanosclerosis? J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(11):1121-1124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215111002301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Saki N, Jahani M, Samarbaf A, et al. Correlation Between Tympanosclerosis and Helicobacter pylori. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(10):e16069. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.16069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chernushevich II, Anikin IA, Miniakhmetova RR. Tympanosclerosis: etiopathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Russian otorhinolaryngology. 2008;6(37):205-212. (In Russ.). [Чернушевич И.И., Аникин И.А., Миниахметова Р.Р. Тимпаносклероз: этиопатогенез, клиника, диагностика, лечение. Российская оториноларингология. 2008;6(37):205-212]. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=14565069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Chernushevich II, Anikin IA, Polshkova LV. Intraoperative findings and surgical treatment tactics in panients with tympanosclerosis. Russian otorhinolaryngology. 2010;2(45):129-135. (In Russ.). [Чернушевич И.И, Аникин И.А., Полшкова Л.В. Интраоперационные находки и тактика хирургического лечения больных тимпаносклерозом. Российская оториноларингология. 2010;2(45):129-135]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=14568287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Ozyurt M, Gungor A, Ergunay K, et al. Real-time PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori and virulence-associated cagA in nasal polyps and laryngeal disorders. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009;141(1):131-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.04.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Saki N, Larijani F, Rahim F. The association of Helicobacter Pylori infection with otitis media: a meta-analysis. Archives des sciences et compte rendu des séances de la Société. 2013;66(4):452-470. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237062546</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Dinç AE, Cömert F, Damar M, et al. Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacteria pylori in the development of tympanosclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(4):889-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-015-3645-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Du P, Zong S, Wen Y, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori and otitis media with effusion in children: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;135:110091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Jeyakumar A, Bégué RE. Otitis Media with Effusion and Helicobacter pylori. OTO Open. 2018;2(3):2473974X18792489. https://doi.org/10.1177/2473974X18792489</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Damghani MA, Dehghan E. Is there any association between Helicobacter pylori and otitis media with effusion? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(2):217-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.11.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Tasker A, Dettmar PW, Panetti M, et al. Reflux of gastric juice and glue ear in children. Lancet. 2002;359(9305):493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07665-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Luo HN, Yang QM, Sheng Y, et al. Role of pepsin and pepsinogen: linking laryngopharyngeal reflux with otitis media with effusion in children. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(7):E294-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24538</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Kahrilas PJ, Kia L. Pepsin: A Silent Biomarker for Reflux Aspiration or an Active Player in Extra-Esophageal Mucosal Injury? Chest. 2015;148(2):300-301. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0506</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
