Electron beam impact on microstructure and microhardness of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy produced by wire electron-beam additive manufacturing technology and selective laser alloying at simulation of electronic-beam welding

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Abstract

The microstructure and phase composition of Ti–6Al–4V alloy specimens produced by wire electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) technology and selective laser melting (SLM) method after exposure to an electron beam, simulating electron-beam welding, have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, optical metallography, and transmission electron microscopy. In the electron beam exposure zone of SLM specimens, in contrast to EBAM specimens, it was observed that the transverse dimensions of anisotropic primary β grains and α/α′ phase plates increased and inside α/α′ phase plates, submicrocrystalline α phase grains and nanocrystalline α′′ phase were formed. The different character of microstructure and, accordingly, microhardness changes in the weld zone and heat-affected zone in comparison with the base metal is caused by the different cooling rate of the melt bath in the weld zones of EBAM and SLM specimens. In the SLM specimen, the cooling rate of the melt bath is less than that observed in the EBAM specimen. This discrepancy can be attributed to the fact that due to the finer needle-like α′ martensitic structure, the thermal conductivity in the base metal of the SLM sample is less than that in the base metal of the EBAM sample.

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About the authors

O. B. Perevalova

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: perevalova52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634055

A. V. Panin

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; National Research Polytechnic University

Email: perevalova52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634055; Tomsk, 634050

M. S. Kazachenok

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: perevalova52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634055

S. A. Martynov

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: perevalova52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634055

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Optical images of the structure of simulated welded seams in cross sections of samples obtained using ELAT (a) and SLS technology (b).

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3. Fig. 2. Optical images of the microstructure of primary β-grains in the weld zone (a), heat-affected zone (b), and BM (c) in a Ti–6Al–4V alloy sample obtained using ELAT.

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4. Fig. 3. Optical images of the microstructure of primary β-grains in the weld zone (a), heat-affected zone (b), and BM (c) in a Ti–6Al–4V alloy sample obtained using SLS technology.

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5. Fig. 4. Bright-field electron microscopic images of the microstructure in the OM (a) and SS (b) zones in the SLS sample.

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6. Fig. 5. Electron microscopic images of the microstructure of the SLS sample in the SS zone: a — bright field, b — microdiffraction, c — dark field in reflection 003 of the zone axis [110] α″, d — dark field in coinciding reflections 111 of the zone axis [110] α″ and 101 α.

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7. Fig. 6. Distribution of microhardness in cross sections of Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples obtained using ELAT (1) and SLS (2).

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