Instrumental Approaches to the Detection and Quantification of Surfactin

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Abstract

Microorganisms are able to produce a wide variety of biological surfactants, also known as biosurfactants. The potential for using biosurfactants in different areas of human life requires the development and improvement of methods to find producer strains, determine the content of biosurfactants in different natural samples, as well as to upgrade the approaches to isolation and purification of these substances. This review focuses on the data concerning the structure, properties, and methods of surfactin synthesis, which is one of the most interesting members of the lipopeptides that are related to biosurfactants. Information regarding the structure, properties, and applications of surfactin, methods for producing surfactin and its derivatives; instrumental techniques for detecting surfactin, including various types of chromatography (TLC, HPLC, and HPLC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) was summarized, and analyzed. The review provides an analysis of instrumental approaches used to detect and measure surfactin in bacterial cultures, discussing their accessibility, sensitivity, selectivity, and overall effectiveness.

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About the authors

V. S. Trefilov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

Department of Chemistry

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

E. Y. Lindin

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

Department of Chemistry

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

M. V. Monakhova

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

O. V. Kisil

FSBI Gause Institute of New Antibiotics

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru
Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 11, Moscow, 119021

M. B. Viryasov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

T. S. Oretskaya

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

E. A. Kubareva

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: oretskaya@belozersky.msu.ru

A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology

Russian Federation, Leninskye gory 1, Moscow, 119991

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Supplementary files

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2. 1. The structure of surfactin and its analogues. In each panel, the numbering of amino acids is given in parentheses; n = 4-9. (a) – Structure of surfactin; (b) is the spatial organization of surfactin in the “saddle” conformation. The structure of surfactin C14, n = 6 (PDB: 2NPV). Oxygen atoms are indicated in red, and the peptide bond is indicated in blue; the blue fill illustrates the “saddle” conformation. The arrows indicate the spatial location of important functional sites: the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the molecule, the fatty acid residue; (c) – the structure of pumilacidin and lichenizin. Amino acids that differ from those in surfactin are marked in red.

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3. 2. The structure of both turin and fengicin. In each panel, the numbering of amino acids is given in parentheses; n = 11-14.

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4. Fig. 3. Separation of surfactin preparation (24 micrograms) by OP-HPLC on column Luna C18(II) (4.6 × 250 mm). The eluent is 0.1% TFC (aqueous solution), acetonitrile gradient: 30% (0-1 min), 30-80% (1-8 min), 80-100% (98-24 min). The flow rate is 1 ml/min. The UV detector is 210 nm.

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5. 4. The change in the IR spectrum during the embedding of surfactin in the micelle. Adapted from [144].

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