Characterization of New Experimental Materials for Hemodialysis Membranes and Simulation of Urea Dialysis Process with Their Use

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Abstract

The acute shortage of hemodialysis cartridges in Russia, caused by restrictions imposed by the European Union on the supply of high-tech equipment, has led to the nessesity for the production of domestic inexpensive and effective membranes for hemodialysis. In this work, experimental membranes based on polysulfone were obtained and their characterization was carried out. The influence of the blowing agent (polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) on the structure and transport properties of the obtained membranes was compared. A non-steady state one-dimensional mathematical model of urea dialysis is proposed. A special feature of the model is the accounting the membrane microheterogeneous structure. A comparison of the modeling results with experimental data on the urea concentration time dependences in the dialysate compartment of the dialysis system allows us to conclude that the model adequately describes the system under study. A theoretical assessment of the obtained membrane material efficiency under conditions corresponding to the hemodialysis process, as well as a comparison of urea removal performance with Nephral ST hemodialysis cartridges from Baxter (a company widely represented on the world market) was carried out. It was shown that a polysulfone-based membrane obtained using polyvinylpyrrolidone demonstrates results slightly inferior to those of commercially produced cartridges, which indicates its promise for the production of hollow fiber membranes for hemodialysis cartridges.

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About the authors

A. E. Kozmai

Kuban State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 350040, Krasnodar

M. V. Porozhnyy

Kuban State University

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 350040, Krasnodar

V. V. Gil

Kuban State University

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 350040, Krasnodar

D. S. Lopatin

JSC “NSK”

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 353204, Dinskaya

A. V. Rodichenko

JSC “NSK”

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 353204, Dinskaya

I. V. Voroshilov

JSC “KKZ”

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 353204, Dinskaya

V. V. Nikonenko

Kuban State University

Email: kozmay@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 350040, Krasnodar

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic description of the membrane manufacturing technique.

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3. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the simulated system. DLS1 and DLS2 are diffusion boundary layers adjacent to the membrane from the side of chambers A and B, respectively; indices 1 and 2 designate the boundaries of the membrane with the corresponding chambers. The concentration profile of urea is shown by the red line.

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4. Fig. 3. Concentration dependences of electrical conductivity (a, b) and diffusion permeability coefficient (c, d) of the studied samples (indicated near the corresponding curves). Markers indicate experimental data, lines indicate the results of calculations using the microheterogeneous model.

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5. Fig. 4. Images of surfaces (a, c, d) and side sections (b, d, e) of membrane 1 (a, b), membrane 2 (c, d) and membrane 3 (d, e), obtained using scanning electron microscopy.

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6. Fig. 5. Time dependences of urea concentration in the dialysate chamber at different values of urea concentration in the diluate chamber (indicated near the corresponding curves) for membrane 2 (a) and membrane 3 (b). Markers indicate experimental data, lines indicate the results of calculations according to the model.

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7. Fig. 6. Time dependences of the urea concentration in the diluate chamber (lines) for membrane 2 and membrane 3 (indicated near the corresponding curves) under conditions corresponding to the hemodialysis process, and the value of the urea concentration at the outlet of the diluate chamber in one pass through the Nephral ST 300 dialyzer (marker).

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8. Fig. 7. Time to reach the urea concentration in the diluate chamber (indicated under the corresponding group of columns in mol L–1) (a) and the average value of urea flow into the dialysate chamber (b) for Nephral ST series cartridges and hypothetical dialyzers with membranes 2 and 3 (indicated on the corresponding columns).

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